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The
Turkic peoples
Turkic peoples are a collection of ethno-linguistic groups of
Central, Eastern, Northern and
Western Asia
Western Asia as well as parts of Europe
and North Africa. They speak related languages belonging to the Turkic
language family.[27] As racial purity has never been a Turkic
membership criterion, many vastly differing ethnic groups have
throughout history become part of the
Turkic peoples
Turkic peoples through language
shift, acculturation, adoption and religious conversion in a process
called Turkification. In their genetic compositions, therefore, most
Turkic groups differ significantly in origins from one group to the
next, lacking one single historical founder population. Despite this,
many do share, to varying degrees, non-linguistic characteristics,
including certain cultural traits, some ancestry from a common gene
pool, and historical experiences. The most notable modern
Turkic-speaking ethnic groups include Turkish people, Azerbaijanis,
Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Turkmen and Kyrgyz people.
Contents
1 Etymology 2 History
2.1 Origins and early expansion 2.2 Middle Ages 2.3 Islamic empires
2.3.1
Muslim
Muslim Turks and non-
Muslim
Muslim Turks
2.3.2 Murals and statues of medieval Turks
2.3.3 Turks in Arabic texts
2.3.4 Turks in European accounts
2.4 Modern history
3 Ethnic groups
4 Geographical distribution
5 International organizations
6 Demographics
7
Minorities
Minorities in Turkic Countries
7.1 Azerbaijan 7.2 Kazakhstan 7.3 Kyrgyzstan 7.4 Turkey 7.5 Turkmenistan 7.6 Uzbekistan
8 Past and Future Population 9 Land and Water Area (Exclude Caspian Sea) 10 Language 11 Religion
11.1 Early
Turkic mythology
Turkic mythology and Tengrism
11.2 Religious conversions
12 Old sports 13 Gallery
13.1 Bezeklik caves and Mogao grottoes 13.2 Medieval times 13.3 Modern times
14 See also 15 References 16 Further reading 17 External links
Etymology
Map from Kashgari's Diwan, showing the distribution of Turkic tribes.
The first known mention of the term Turk (Old Turkic: 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰰
Türük[28][29][30] or 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰰:𐰜𐰇𐰛 Kök
Türük[28][29] Chinese: 突厥, Old Tibetan: duruggu/durgu (meaning
"origin"),[31][32] Pinyin: Tūjué,
Middle Chinese
Middle Chinese (Guangyun):
[tʰuot-küot]) applied to a Turkic group was in reference to the
Göktürks
Göktürks in the 6th century. A letter by
Ishbara Qaghan to Emperor
Wen of Sui in 585 described him as "the Great Turk Khan."[33] The
Orhun inscriptions (735 CE) use the terms Turk and Turuk.
Previous use of similar terms are of unknown significance, although
some strongly feel that they are evidence of the historical continuity
of the term and the people as a linguistic unit since early times.
This includes Chinese records
Spring and Autumn Annals
Spring and Autumn Annals referring to a
neighbouring people as Beidi.[34] During the first century CE,
Pomponius Mela
Pomponius Mela refers to the "Turcae" in the forests north of the Sea
of Azov, and
Pliny the Elder
Pliny the Elder lists the "Tyrcae" among the people of
the same area.[35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42] There are references to
certain groups in antiquity whose names could be the original form of
"Türk/Türük" such as Togarma, Turukha/Turuška, Turukku and so on.
But the information gap is so substantial that we cannot firmly
connect these ancient people to the modern Turks.[43][44][45]
Turkologist András Róna-Tas posits that the term Turk could be
rooted in the East Iranian Saka language[46] or in Turkic.[47]
However, it is generally accepted that the term "Türk" is ultimately
derived from the Old-Turkic migration-term[48] 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰰
Türük/Törük,[49][50] which means "created", "born",[51] or
"strong",[52] from the
Old Turkic word root *türi-/töri- ("tribal
root, (mythic) ancestry; take shape, to be born, be created, arise,
spring up") and conjugated with
Old Turkic suffix 𐰰 (-ik), perhaps
from
Proto-Turkic *türi-k ("lineage, ancestry"),[49] from the
Proto-Turkic word root *töŕ ("foundation, root; origin,
ancestors"),[53][54] possibly from a Proto-
Altaic
Altaic source *t`ŏ̀ŕe
("law, regulation").[55] This etymological concept is also related to
Old Turkic word stems 'tür' ("root, ancestry, race, kind of, sort
of"), 'türi-' ("to bring together, to collect"), 'törü' ("law,
custom") and 'töz' ("substance").[49]
The earliest Turkic-speaking peoples identifiable in Chinese sources
are the Dingling, Gekun(Jiankun), and Xinli, located in South
Siberia.[56][57] The Chinese
Book of Zhou (7th century) presents an
etymology of the name Turk as derived from "helmet", explaining that
this name comes from the shape of a mountain where they worked in the
Altai Mountains.[58] According to Persian tradition, as reported by
11th-century ethnographer Mahmud of Kashgar and various other
traditional Islamic scholars and historians, the name "Turk" stems
from Tur, one of the sons of
Japheth
Japheth (see Turan).
During the Middle Ages, various
Turkic peoples
Turkic peoples of the Eurasian steppe
were subsumed under the identity of the "Scythians".[59] Between 400
CE and the 16th century, Byzantine sources use the name Σκύθαι
(Skuthai) in reference to twelve different Turkic peoples.[59]
In the modern
Turkish language
Turkish language as used in the Republic of Turkey, a
distinction is made between "Turks" and the "Turkic peoples" in
loosely speaking: the term Türk corresponds specifically to the
"Turkish-speaking" people (in this context, "Turkish-speaking" is
considered the same as "Turkic-speaking"), while the term Türki
refers generally to the people of modern "Turkic Republics" (Türki
Cumhuriyetler or Türk Cumhuriyetleri). However, the proper usage of
the term is based on the linguistic classification in order to avoid
any political sense. In short, the term Türki can be used for Türk
or vice versa.[60]
History
Origins and early expansion
Main articles: Turkic migrations, Turkic tribal confederations, and
Nomadic empires
Further information: Xiongnu, Huns, and Göktürks
History of the Turkic peoples Pre-14th century
Turkic Khaganate
Turkic Khaganate 552–744
Western Turkic
Eastern Turkic
Khazar
Khazar Khaganate 618–1048
Xueyantuo
Xueyantuo 628–646
Great
Bulgaria
Bulgaria 632–668
Danube Bulgaria
Volga Bulgaria
Kangar union
Kangar union 659–750
Turk Shahi
Turk Shahi 665–850
Turgesh
Turgesh Khaganate 699–766
Uyghur Khaganate
Uyghur Khaganate 744–840
Karluk Yabgu State 756–940
Kara-Khanid Khanate
Kara-Khanid Khanate 840–1212
Western Kara-Khanid
Eastern Kara-Khanid
Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom
Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom 848–1036
Qocho
Qocho 856–1335
Pecheneg Khanates 860–1091 Kimek confederation 743–1035
Cumania 1067–1239 Oghuz Yabgu State 750–1055
Ghaznavid Empire 963–1186
Seljuk Empire
Seljuk Empire 1037–1194
Sultanate of Rum
Kerait khanate 11th century–13th century
Khwarazmian Empire 1077–1231
Naiman Khanate –1204
Qarlughid Kingdom 1224–1266
Delhi Sultanate
Delhi Sultanate 1206–1526
Mamluk dynasty
Khalji dynasty
Tughlaq dynasty
Golden Horde
Golden Horde [61][62][63] 1240s–1502
Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)
Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo) 1250–1517
Bahri dynasty
Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire 1299–1923
Other Turkic dynasties
in Anatolia Artuqid dynasty Saltuqid dynasty in Azerbaijan Ahmadili dynasty Ildenizid dynasty in Egypt Tulunid dynasty Ikhshidid dynasty in Fars Salghurid dynasty in The Levant Burid dynasty Zengid dynasty
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The top of Belukha in the
Altay Mountains
Altay Mountains in
Mongolia
Mongolia is shown here.
The mountain range is thought to be the birthplace of the Turkic
people.
Eastern Hemisphere in 500 BCE
It is generally agreed that the first Turkic people lived in a region
extending from
Central Asia
Central Asia to Siberia, with the majority of them
living in
China
China historically. Historically they were established after
the 6th century BCE.[64] The earliest separate
Turkic peoples
Turkic peoples appeared
on the peripheries of the late
Xiongnu
Xiongnu confederation about 200 BCE[64]
(contemporaneous with the Chinese Han Dynasty).[65] Turkic people may
be related to the Xiongnu,
Dingling and Tiele people. According to the
Book of Wei, the
Tiele people
Tiele people were the remnants of the Chidi (赤狄),
the red Di people competing with the Jin in the Spring and Autumn
period.[66] Turkic tribes such as the
Khazars
Khazars and
Pechenegs
Pechenegs probably
lived as nomads for many years before establishing the Turkic
Khaganate or
Göktürk Empire
Göktürk Empire in the 6th century. These were herdsmen
and nobles who were searching for new pastures and wealth. The first
mention of Turks was in a Chinese text that mentioned trade between
Turk tribes and the
Sogdians
Sogdians along the Silk Road.[67] The first
recorded use of "Turk" as a political name appears as a 6th-century
reference to the word pronounced in Modern Chinese as Tujue. The
Ashina clan migrated from Li-jien (modern Zhelai Zhai) to the Juan
Juan seeking inclusion in their confederacy and protection from the
prevalent dynasty. The tribe were famed metalsmiths and were granted
land near a mountain quarry which looked like a helmet, from which
they were said to have gotten their name 突厥 (tūjué). A century
later their power had increased such that they conquered the Juan Juan
and established the Gök Empire.[68]
Turkic peoples
Turkic peoples originally used their own alphabets, like Orkhon and
Yenisey runiforms, and later the Uyghur alphabet. Traditional national
and cultural symbols of the
Turkic peoples
Turkic peoples include wolves in Turkic
mythology and tradition; as well as the color blue, iron, and fire.
Turquoise
Turquoise blue (the word turquoise comes from the French word meaning
"Turkish") is the color of the stone turquoise still used in jewelry
and as a protection against the evil eye.
It has often been suggested that the Xiongnu, mentioned in Han Dynasty
records, were
Proto-Turkic speakers.[69][70][71][72][73] Although
little is known for certain about the
Xiongnu
Xiongnu language(s), it seems
likely that at least a considerable part of
Xiongnu
Xiongnu tribes spoke a
Turkic language.[74] However, some scholars see a possible connection
with the Iranian-speaking Sakas.[75] Some scholars believe they were
probably a confederation of various ethnic and linguistic
groups.[76][77] Genetics research in 2003 on skeletons from 2000 year
old
Xiongnu
Xiongnu necropolis in
Mongolia
Mongolia found some individuals with DNA
sequences also present in some modern-day Turks, suggesting that a
Turkish component had emerged in the
Xiongnu
Xiongnu tribe at the end of the
Xiongnu
Xiongnu period.[78][79]
In 2009, archaeologists found Turkic balbals which are 2000 years
old.[80][81]
According to another archeological and genetic study in 2010, the DNA
found in three skeletons in 2000-year-old elite
Xiongnu
Xiongnu cemetery in
Northeast Asia belonged to C3, D4 and R1a. The evidence of paternal
R1a supports the
Kurgan hypothesis
Kurgan hypothesis for the Indo-European expansion
from the Volga steppe region.[82] As the R1a was found in Xiongnu
people[82] and the present-day people of Central Asia[83] Analysis of
skeletal remains from sites attributed to the
Xiongnu
Xiongnu provides an
identification of dolichocephalic Mongoloid, ethnically distinct from
neighboring populations in present-day Mongolia.[84]
Xiongnu
Xiongnu writing, older than Turkic, is agreed to have the earliest
known Turkic alphabet, the Orkhon script. This has been argued
recently using the only extant possibly Xiongu writings, the rock art
of the
Yinshan and Helan Mountains.[85] It dates from the 9th
millennium BCE to the 19th century, and consists mainly of engraved
signs (petroglyphs) and few painted images.[86] Excavations done
during 1924–1925 in
Noin-Ula
Noin-Ula kurgans located in the
Selenga
Selenga River in
the northern Mongolian hills north of
Ulaanbaatar
Ulaanbaatar produced objects
with over 20 carved characters, which were either identical or very
similar to the runic letters of the Turkic
Orkhon script
Orkhon script discovered in
the Orkhon Valley.[87]
The
Hun
Hun hordes ruled by Attila, who invaded and conquered much of
Europe
Europe in the 5th century, might have been Turkic and descendants of
the Xiongnu.[65][88][89] Some scholars regard the
Huns
Huns as one of the
earlier Turkic tribes, while others view them as Proto-Mongolian in
origin.[90]
Linguistic
Linguistic studies by
Otto Maenchen-Helfen and others have
suggested that the language used by the
Huns
Huns in
Europe
Europe was too little
documented to be classified, but may have been an Indo-European
language. Nevertheless, many of the proper names used by
Huns
Huns appear
to be Turkic in origin.[91][92] In the first half of the first
millennium, mass-migrations to distant places were common,
geographical borders were fluid and cultural identity was more likely
to change dramatically during the lifetime of an individual, relative
to the modern era. These factors also made it more likely that the
Huns
Huns were, initially at least, closely related to the Turkic peoples.
In the 6th century, 400 years after the collapse of northern Xiongnu
power in Inner Asia, the
Göktürks
Göktürks assumed leadership of the Turkic
peoples. Formerly in the
Xiongnu
Xiongnu nomadic confederation, the Göktürks
inherited their traditions and administrative experience. From 552 to
745,
Göktürk
Göktürk leadership united the nomadic Turkic tribes into the
Göktürk Empire
Göktürk Empire on
Mongolia
Mongolia and Cental Asia. The name derives from
gok, "blue" or "celestial". Unlike its
Xiongnu
Xiongnu predecessor, the
Göktürk
Göktürk
Khanate had its temporary khans from the
Ashina clan who
were subordinate to a sovereign authority controlled by a council of
tribal chiefs. The
Khanate retained elements of its original
shamanistic religion, Tengriism, although it received missionaries of
Buddhist
Buddhist monks and practiced a syncretic religion. The
Göktürks
Göktürks were
the first Turkic people to write
Old Turkic in a runic script, the
Orkhon script. The
Khanate was also the first state known as "Turk".
It eventually collapsed due to a series of dynastic conflicts, but
many states and peoples later used the name "Turk".
Turkic peoples
Turkic peoples and related groups migrated west from
Turkestan
Turkestan and
present-day
Mongolia
Mongolia towards Eastern Europe, the
Iranian plateau
Iranian plateau and
Anatolia
Anatolia (modern Turkey) in many waves. The date of the initial
expansion remains unknown. After many battles, they established their
own state and later constructed the Ottoman Empire. The main migration
occurred in medieval times, when they spread across most of Asia and
into
Europe
Europe and the Middle East.[68] They also took part in the
military encounters of the Crusades.[93]
Later
Turkic peoples
Turkic peoples include the
Karluks
Karluks (mainly 8th century),
Uyghurs, Kyrgyz, Oghuz (or Ğuz) Turks, and Turkmens. As these peoples
founded states in the area between
Mongolia
Mongolia and Transoxiana, they came
into contact with Muslims, and most of them gradually adopted Islam.
Small groups of Turkic people practice other religions, including
Christians,
Jews
Jews (Khazars), Buddhists, and Zoroastrians.
Other traditions see
Togarmah
Togarmah (grandson of
Japheth
Japheth the son of Noah) as
the ancestor of the Turkic peoples. For example, The French
Benedictine monk and scholar Calmet (1672–1757) places
Togarmah
Togarmah in
Scythia
Scythia and Turcomania (in the Eurasian Steppes and Central Asia).[94]
Also in his letters, King Joseph ben Aaron, the ruler of the Khazars
in the mid-10th century, writes:
"You ask us also in your epistle: "Of what people, of what family, and
of what tribe are you?" Know that we are descended from Noach's son
Japhet, through his son Gomer through his son Togarmah. I have found
in the genealogical books of my ancestors that
Togarmah
Togarmah had ten sons.
These are their names:[95]
the eldest was Ujur (Agiôr – Uyghurs),
the second Tauris (Tirôsz – Tauri),
the third Avar (Avôr – Pannonian Avars),
the fourth Uauz (Ugin – Oghuz),
the fifth Bizal (Bizel – Pecheneg),
the sixth Tarna,
the seventh
Khazar
Khazar (Khazar),
the eighth Janur (Zagur),
the ninth Bulgar (Balgôr – Bulgar),
the tenth Sawir (Szavvir/Szabir – Sabir)."
Jewish
Jewish sources also list
Togarmah
Togarmah as the father of the Turkic peoples:
The medieval
Jewish
Jewish scholar:
Joseph ben Gorion
Joseph ben Gorion lists in his Josippon
(c. 10th century) the ten sons of Togarma as follows:
Kozar (the Khazars) Pacinak (the Pechenegs) Aliqanosz (the Alans) Bulgar (the Bulgars) Ragbiga (Ragbina, Ranbona) Turqi (possibly the Göktürks) Buz (the Oghuz) Zabuk Ungari (either the Hungarians or the Oghurs/Onogurs) Tilmac (Tilmic/Tirôsz – Tauri)."
The Chronicles of Jerahmeel lists them as:[96]
Cuzar (the Khazars) Pasinaq (the Pechenegs) Alan (the Alans) Bulgar (the Bulgars) Kanbinah Turq (possibly the Göktürks) Buz (the Oghuz) Zakhukh Ugar (either the Hungarians or the Oghurs/Onogurs) Tulmes (Tirôsz – Tauri)
Another medieval rabbinic work, the Book of Jasher, further corrupts[citation needed] these same names into:
Buzar (the Khazars) Parzunac (the Pechenegs) Balgar (the Bulgars) Elicanum (the Alans) Ragbib Tarki (possibly the Göktürks) Bid (the Oghuz) Zebuc Ongal (Hungarians or Oghurs/Onogurs) Tilmaz (Tirôsz – Tauri).
Arabic records give Togorma's tribes as:[citation needed]
Khazar
Khazar (the Khazars)
Badsanag (the Pechenegs)
Asz-alân (the Alans)
Bulghar (the Bulgars)
Zabub
Fitrakh (Kotrakh?) (Ko-etrakh. Etrakh means "Turks" [possibly
Gokturks])
Nabir
Andsar (Ajhar)
Talmisz (Tirôsz – Tauri)
Adzîgher (Adzhigardak?).
The Arabic account however, also adds an 11th clan: Anszuh.
Yet another tradition of the sons of
Togarmah
Togarmah appears in Pseudo-Philo,
giving their names as "Abiud, Saphath, Asapli, and Zepthir". The
Chronicles of Jerahmeel, in addition to giving Sefer haYashar
(midrash) the above names from Yosippon, elsewhere lists Togarmah's
sons similarly as "Abihud, Shafat, and Yaftir".
Middle Ages
Al-Mu'tasim
Turkic soldiers in the army of the Abbasid caliphs emerged as the de
facto rulers of most of the
Muslim
Muslim Middle East (apart from
Syria
Syria and
Egypt), particularly after the 10th century. The Oghuz and other
tribes captured and dominated various countries under the leadership
of the Seljuk dynasty and eventually captured the territories of the
Abbasid dynasty and the Byzantine Empire.[68]
Meanwhile, the
Yenisei
Yenisei Kyrgyz allied with
China
China to destroy the Uyghur
Khaganate in 840. The
Kyrgyz people
Kyrgyz people ultimately settled in the region
now referred to as Kyrgyzstan. The
Bulgars
Bulgars established themselves in
between the Caspian and Black Seas in the 5th and 6th centuries,
followed by their conquerors, the
Khazars
Khazars who converted to
Judaism
Judaism in
the 8th or 9th century. After them came the
Pechenegs
Pechenegs who created a
large confederacy, which was subsequently taken over by the
Cumans
Cumans and
the Kipchaks. One group of
Bulgars
Bulgars settled in the Volga region and
mixed with local
Volga Finns
Volga Finns to become the Volga
Bulgars
Bulgars in what is
today Tatarstan. These
Bulgars
Bulgars were conquered by the Mongols following
their westward sweep under
Genghis Khan
Genghis Khan in the 13th century. Other
Bulgars
Bulgars settled in Southeastern
Europe
Europe in the 7th and 8th centuries,
and mixed with the Slavic population, adopting what eventually became
the Slavic Bulgarian language. Everywhere, Turkic groups mixed with
the local populations to varying degrees.[68] In 1090–91, the Turkic
Pechenegs
Pechenegs reached the walls of Constantinople, where Emperor Alexius I
with the aid of the
Kipchaks
Kipchaks annihilated their army.[97]
Islamic empires
Main articles: Ghaznavids, Seljuk Empire,
Delhi
Delhi Sultanate, Mamluk
Sultanate (Cairo), Timurids, Bahri dynasty, Deccan sultanates, Safavid
Empire, Ottoman Empire, Mughal Empire, and Afsharid Empire
Suleiman I taking control of Moldova.
Crimean Khan, Mengli Giray at the court of the Bayezid II.
Tamerlane
Tamerlane and his forces advance against the Golden Horde, Khan
Tokhtamysh.
A Mamluk nobleman from Aleppo.
As the
Seljuk Empire
Seljuk Empire declined following the
Mongol
Mongol invasion, the
Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire emerged as the new important Turkic state, that came to
dominate not only the Middle East, but even southeastern Europe, parts
of southwestern Russia, and northern Africa.[68]
The
Delhi Sultanate
Delhi Sultanate is a term used to cover five short-lived,
Delhi-based kingdoms three of which were of Turkic origin in medieval
India. These Turkic dynasties were the Mamluk dynasty (1206–90); the
Khalji dynasty
Khalji dynasty (1290–1320); and the
Tughlaq dynasty
Tughlaq dynasty (1320–1414).
Southern India, also saw many Turkic origin dynasties like Bahmani
Sultanate, Adil Shahi dynasty, Bidar Sultanate, Qutb Shahi dynasty,
collectively known as Deccan sultanates.
In Eastern Europe, Volga
Bulgaria
Bulgaria became an Islamic state in 922 and
influenced the region as it controlled many trade routes. In the 13th
century, Mongols invaded
Europe
Europe and established the
Golden Horde
Golden Horde in
Eastern Europe, western & northern Central Asia, and even western
Siberia. The
Cuman-Kipchak Confederation
Cuman-Kipchak Confederation and Islamic Volga Bulgaria
were absorbed by the
Golden Horde
Golden Horde in the 13th century; in the 14th
century,
Islam
Islam became the official religion under
Uzbeg Khan
Uzbeg Khan where the
general population (Turks) as well as the aristocracy (Mongols) came
to speak the
Kipchak language and were collectively known as "Tatars"
by
Russians
Russians and Westerners. This country was also known as the Kipchak
Khanate and covered most of what is today Ukraine, as well as the
entirety of modern-day southern and eastern
Russia
Russia (the European
section). The
Golden Horde
Golden Horde disintegrated into several khanates and
hordes in the 15th and 16th century including the Crimean Khanate,
Khanate of Kazan, and Kazakh
Khanate (among others), which were one by
one conquered and annexed by the
Russian Empire
Russian Empire in the 16th through
19th centuries.
In Siberia, the Siberian
Khanate was established in the 1490s by
fleeing Tatar aristocrats of the disintegrating
Golden Horde
Golden Horde who
established
Islam
Islam as the official religion in western
Siberia
Siberia over the
partly Islamized native Siberian
Tatars
Tatars and indigenous Uralic peoples.
It was the northern-most Islamic state in recorded history and it
survived up until 1598 when it was conquered by Russia.
The Chagatai
Khanate was the eastern & southern Central Asian
section of the
Mongol Empire
Mongol Empire in what is today part or whole of
Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan,
Kyrgyzstan, and
Xinjiang
Xinjiang ("Uyghurstan"). Like the
Moghulistan
Moghulistan and
Golden Horde, the Chagatai
Khanate became a
Muslim
Muslim state in the 14th
century.
The Timurid Empire were an Uzbek-based Turkic empire founded in the
late 14th century by Timurlane, a descendant of Genghis Khan. Timur,
although a self-proclaimed devout Muslim, brought great slaughter in
his conquest of fellow Muslims in neighboring Islamic territory and
contributed to the ultimate demise of many
Muslim
Muslim states, including
the Golden Horde.
The
Mughal Empire
Mughal Empire was a Turkic-founded Indian empire that, at its
greatest territorial extent, ruled most of the South Asia, including
Afghanistan, Pakistan, India,
Bangladesh
Bangladesh and parts of
Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan from
the early 16th to the early 18th centuries. The Mughal dynasty was
founded by a Chagatai Turkic prince named
Babur
Babur (reigned 1526–30),
who was descended from the Turkic conqueror
Timur
Timur (Tamerlane) on his
father's side and from Chagatai, second son of the
Mongol
Mongol ruler
Genghis Khan, on his mother's side.[98][99] A further distinction was
the attempt of the Mughals to integrate Hindus and Muslims into a
united Indian state.[98][100][101][102]
The
Safavid dynasty
Safavid dynasty of
Persia
Persia were of mixed ancestry (Kurdish[103] and
Azerbaijani,[104] which included intermarriages with Georgian,[105]
Circassian,[106][107] and Pontic Greek[108] dignitaries). Through
intermarriage and other political considerations, the Safavids spoke
Persian and Turkish,[109][110] and some of the Shahs composed poems in
their native Turkish language. Concurrently, the Shahs themselves also
supported Persian literature, poetry and art projects including the
grand
Shahnama
Shahnama of Shah Tahmasp.[111][112] The
Safavid dynasty
Safavid dynasty ruled
parts of Greater
Iran
Iran for more than two centuries.[113][114][115][116]
and established the
Twelver
Twelver school of Shi'a Islam[117] as the official
religion of their empire, marking one of the most important turning
points in
Muslim
Muslim history
The
Afsharid dynasty
Afsharid dynasty was named after the Turkic Afshar tribe to which
they belonged. The Afshars had migrated from
Turkestan
Turkestan to Azerbaijan
in the 13th century. The dynasty was founded in 1736 by the military
commander
Nader Shah
Nader Shah who deposed the last member of the Safavid
dynasty and proclaimed himself King of Iran. Nader belonged to the
Qereqlu branch of the Afshars.[118] During Nader's reign,
Iran
Iran reached
its greatest extent since the Sassanid Empire.
Muslim
Muslim Turks and non-
Muslim
Muslim Turks
The
Muslim
Muslim Kara-Khanid Turks performed a mass conversion campaign
against the
Buddhist
Buddhist Uyghur Turks during the Islamicisation and
Turkicisation of Xinjiang.
The non-
Muslim
Muslim Turks worship of
Tengri
Tengri was mocked and insulted by the
Muslim
Muslim Turk Mahmud al-Kashgari, who wrote a verse referring to them
– The Infidels – May God destroy them![119][120]
The Basmil, Yabāḳu and Uyghur states were among the Turkic peoples
who fought against the Kara-Khanid's spread of Islam, the Islamic
Kara-khanids were made out of Tukhai, Yaghma, Çiğil and Karluk.[121]
Kashgari claimed that the Prophet assisted in a miraculous event where
700,000 Yabāqu infidels were defeated by 40,000 Muslims led by
Arslān Tegīn claiming that fires shot sparks from gates located on a
green mountain towards the Yabāqu.[122] The Yabaqu were a Turkic
people.[123]
The
Muslim
Muslim Kara-Khanid Turk Mahmud Kashgari insulted the Uyghur
Buddhists as "Uighur dogs" and called them "Tats", which referred to
the "Uighur infidels" according to the Tuxsi and Taghma, while other
Turks called
Persians
Persians "tat".[124][125] While Kashgari displayed a
different attitude towards the Turks diviners beliefs and "national
customs", he expressed towards
Buddhism
Buddhism a hatred in his Diwan where he
wrote the verse cycle on the war against Uighur Buddhists. Buddhist
origin words like toyin (a cleric or priest) and Burxān or Furxan
(meaning Buddha, acquiring the generic meaning of "idol" in the Turkic
language of Kashgari) had negative connotations to Muslim
Turks.[126][127]
Murals and statues of medieval Turks
Göktürk
Göktürk petroglyphs from
Mongolia
Mongolia (6th to 8th century)
An Uyghur Khagan
Professor James A. Millward described the original
Uyghurs
Uyghurs as
phenotypically
Mongoloid
Mongoloid until they began to mix with the Tarim
Basin's original,
Caucasoid
Caucasoid inhabitants, such as the
Tocharians
Tocharians and
eastern Iranian peoples.[128]
The
Uyghurs
Uyghurs of the
Qocho
Qocho and
Turfan
Turfan – whose ancestors had adopted
the
Buddhism
Buddhism of the
Tocharians
Tocharians when they settled in the Tarim – were
forcibly converted to
Islam
Islam during a ghazat (holy war) by the Chagatai
khan Khizr Khwaja.[129] After they had converted to Islam, subsequent
generations of
Uyghurs
Uyghurs came to believe, falsely, that the "infidel
Kalmuks" (Dzungars) had built
Buddhist
Buddhist monuments in the
area.[130][131] The
Buddhist
Buddhist murals at the Bezeklik Thousand Buddha
Caves were damaged by local
Muslim
Muslim population whose religion
proscribed figurative images of sentient beings; the eyes and mouths
in particular were often gouged out. Pieces of some murals were broken
off for use as fertilizer by the locals.[132]
Turks in Arabic texts
Further information: w:ar:بنو قنطوراء
This section contains Arabic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols.
The Arab
Muslim
Muslim
Umayyads
Umayyads and
Abbasids
Abbasids fought against the pagan Turks
in the
Muslim
Muslim conquest of Transoxiana. The Muslims built ribats
(military fortifications) against the non-
Muslim
Muslim Turks in Transoxiana.
The Medieval
Arabs
Arabs recorded that Medieval Turks looked strange from
their perspective and were extremely physically different from the
Arabs, calling them "broad faced people with small eyes".[133][134]
Medieval
Muslim
Muslim writers noted that
Tibetans
Tibetans and Turks resembled each
other and often were not able to tell the difference between Turks and
Tibetans.[135]
The
Hadith
Hadith collection
Sahih al-Bukhari
Sahih al-Bukhari records a
Sahih
Sahih
Hadith
Hadith by
Muhammad
Muhammad on the Turks- Narrated Abu Huraira: Allah's Messenger (ﷺ)
said, "The Hour will not be established until you fight with the
Turks; people with small eyes, red faces, and flat noses. Their faces
will look like shields coated with leather. The Hour will not be
established till you fight with people whose shoes are made of hair."
(حَدَّثَنَا سَعِيدُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ،
حَدَّثَنَا يَعْقُوبُ، حَدَّثَنَا
أَبِي، عَنْ صَالِحٍ، عَنِ الأَعْرَجِ،
قَالَ قَالَ أَبُو هُرَيْرَةَ ـ رضى
الله عنه ـ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى
الله عليه وسلم " لاَ تَقُومُ
السَّاعَةُ حَتَّى تُقَاتِلُوا
التُّرْكَ صِغَارَ الأَعْيُنِ، حُمْرَ
الْوُجُوهِ، ذُلْفَ الأُنُوفِ،
كَأَنَّ وُجُوهَهُمُ الْمَجَانُّ
الْمُطَرَّقَةُ، وَلاَ تَقُومُ
السَّاعَةُ حَتَّى تُقَاتِلُوا
قَوْمًا نِعَالُهُمُ الشَّعَرُ
".)[136][137][138][139][140][141][142][143][144][145][146][147][148]
Another
Sahih al-Bukhari
Sahih al-Bukhari
Hadith
Hadith says – Narrated Abu Huraira: The
Prophet (ﷺ) said, "The Hour will not be established till you fight a
nation wearing hairy shoes, and till you fight the Turks, who will
have small eyes, red faces and flat noses; and their faces will be
like flat shields. And you will find that the best people are those
who hate responsibility of ruling most of all till they are chosen to
be the rulers. And the people are of different natures: The best in
the pre-Islamic period are the best in Islam. A time will come when
any of you will love to see me rather than to have his family and
property doubled."(حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو
الْيَمَانِ، أَخْبَرَنَا شُعَيْبٌ،
حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو الزِّنَادِ، عَنِ
الأَعْرَجِ، عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ ـ
رضى الله عنه ـ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صلى
الله عليه وسلم قَالَ " لاَ تَقُومُ
السَّاعَةُ حَتَّى تُقَاتِلُوا
قَوْمًا نِعَالُهُمُ الشَّعَرُ،
وَحَتَّى تُقَاتِلُوا التُّرْكَ،
صِغَارَ الأَعْيُنِ، حُمْرَ
الْوُجُوهِ، ذُلْفَ الأُنُوفِ كَأَنَّ
وُجُوهَهُمُ الْمَجَانُّ
الْمُطْرَقَةُ ". "«وَتَجِدُونَ مِنْ
خَيْرِ النَّاسِ أَشَدَّهُمْ
كَرَاهِيَةً لِهَذَا الأَمْرِ، حَتَّى
يَقَعَ فِيهِ، وَالنَّاسُ مَعَادِنُ،
خِيَارُهُمْ فِي الْجَاهِلِيَّةِ
خِيَارُهُمْ فِي الإِسْلاَمِ."
"وَلَيَأْتِيَنَّ عَلَى أَحَدِكُمْ
زَمَانٌ لأَنْ يَرَانِي أَحَبُّ
إِلَيْهِ مِنْ أَنْ يَكُونَ لَهُ
مِثْلُ أَهْلِهِ وَمَالِهِ.").[149]
A
Sahih
Sahih
Hadith
Hadith is also found in
Sahih
Sahih
Muslim
Muslim – Abu Huraira reported
Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) as saying: The Last Hour would not come until
the Muslims fight with the Turks-a people whose faces would be like
hammered shields wearing clothes of hair and walking (with shoes) of
hair. (حَدَّثَنَا قُتَيْبَةُ بْنُ
سَعِيدٍ، حَدَّثَنَا يَعْقُوبُ، –
يَعْنِي ابْنَ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ –
عَنْ سُهَيْلٍ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنْ
أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ، أَنَّ رَسُولَ
اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم قَالَ " لاَ
تَقُومُ السَّاعَةُ حَتَّى يُقَاتِلَ
الْمُسْلِمُونَ التُّرْكَ قَوْمًا
وُجُوهُهُمْ كَالْمَجَانِّ
الْمُطْرَقَةِ يَلْبَسُونَ الشَّعَرَ
وَيَمْشُونَ فِي الشَّعَرِ " .).[150]
A
Sahih
Sahih
Hadith
Hadith is also found in
Sunan Nasai
Sunan Nasai – It was narrated from
Abu Hurairah that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: "The Hour will
not begin until the Muslims fight the Turks, a people with faces like
hammered shields who wear clothes made of hair and shoes made of
hair." (أَخْبَرَنَا قُتَيْبَةُ، قَالَ
حَدَّثَنَا يَعْقُوبُ، عَنْ سُهَيْلٍ،
عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ،
أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه
وسلم قَالَ " لاَ تَقُومُ السَّاعَةُ
حَتَّى يُقَاتِلَ الْمُسْلِمُونَ
التُّرْكَ قَوْمًا وُجُوهُهُمْ
كَالْمَجَانِّ الْمُطَرَّقَةِ
يَلْبَسُونَ الشَّعَرَ وَيَمْشُونَ
فِي الشَّعَرِ " .)[151]
A
Sahih
Sahih
Hadith
Hadith is also found in Abu Dawud- Abu Hurairah reported the
Prophet (May peace be upon him) as saying: The last hour will not come
before the Muslims fight with the Turks, a people whose faces look as
if they were shields covered with skin, and who will wear sandals of
hair. (حَدَّثَنَا قُتَيْبَةُ،
حَدَّثَنَا يَعْقُوبُ، – يَعْنِي
الإِسْكَنْدَرَانِيَّ – عَنْ
سُهَيْلٍ، – يَعْنِي ابْنَ أَبِي
صَالِحٍ – عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنْ أَبِي
هُرَيْرَةَ، أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صلى
الله عليه وسلم قَالَ " لاَ تَقُومُ
السَّاعَةُ حَتَّى يُقَاتِلَ
الْمُسْلِمُونَ التُّرْكَ قَوْمًا
وُجُوهُهُمْ كَالْمَجَانِّ
الْمُطْرَقَةِ يَلْبَسُونَ الشَّعْرَ "
.)[152]
A Da'if
Hadith
Hadith is found in
Abu Dawud – Buraidah said: In the
tradition telling that people with small eyes, i.e. the Turks, will
fight against you, the prophet (ﷺ) said: You will drive them off
three times till you catch up with them in Arabia. On the first
occasion when you drive them off those who fly will be safe, on the
second occasion some will be safe and some will perish, but on the
third occasion they will be extirpated, or he said words to that
effect. (حَدَّثَنَا جَعْفَرُ بْنُ
مُسَافِرٍ التِّنِّيسِيُّ، حَدَّثَنَا
خَلاَّدُ بْنُ يَحْيَى، حَدَّثَنَا
بَشِيرُ بْنُ الْمُهَاجِرِ،
حَدَّثَنَا عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ
بُرَيْدَةَ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنِ
النَّبِيِّ صلى الله عليه وسلم فِي
حَدِيثِ " يُقَاتِلُكُمْ قَوْمٌ
صِغَارُ الأَعْيُنِ " . يَعْنِي
التُّرْكَ قَالَ " تَسُوقُونَهُمْ
ثَلاَثَ مِرَارٍ حَتَّى تُلْحِقُوهُمْ
بِجَزِيرَةِ الْعَرَبِ فَأَمَّا فِي
السِّيَاقَةِ الأُولَى فَيَنْجُو مَنْ
هَرَبَ مِنْهُمْ وَأَمَّا فِي
الثَّانِيَةِ فَيَنْجُو بَعْضٌ
وَيَهْلِكُ بَعْضٌ وَأَمَّا فِي
الثَّالِثَةِ فَيُصْطَلَمُونَ " . أَوْ
كَمَا قَالَ .).[153]
The Arab Muslims identified Banu Qantura' (بنو قنطوراء) as
the Turks.[154][155][156] They were described as the Banu Qantura'
people with wide faces and small eyes,[157] or a people with flat
faces and small eyes[158] they have faces like shields covered with
leather,[159][160][161]
A
Hadith
Hadith is found in
Abu Dawud – Narrated AbuBakrah: The Apostle of
Allah (peace_be_upon_him) said: Some of my people will alight on
low-lying ground, which they will call al-Basrah, beside a river
called Dajjal (the Tigris) over which there is a bridge. Its people
will be numerous and it will be one of the capital cities of
immigrants (or one of the capital cities of Muslims, according to the
version of Ibn Yahya who reported from AbuMa'mar). At the end of time
the descendants of Qantura' will come with broad faces and small eyes
and alight on the bank of the river. The town's inhabitants will then
separate into three sections, one of which will follow cattle and
(live in) the desert and perish, another of which will seek security
for themselves and perish, but a third will put their children behind
their backs and fight the invaders, and they will be the martyrs.[162]
Turks in European accounts
The Turkomans observe a difference between their children from
Turkoman mothers, and those from the Persian female captives whom they
take as wives, and the Kazakh women whom they purchase from the Uzbeks
of Khiva. The Turkomans of pure race enjoy full privileges, while the
others are not allowed to contract marriages with Turkoman women of
pure blood, but must choose themselves wives among the half-castes and
Kazakh captives.
As there exists a great animosity between the Yamuds and Goklans they
do not intermarry, although they reckon themselves of equally noble
lineage. The same hatred is extended to the Tekke Turkomans, whom the
Goklans and Yamuds, moreover, look upon as their inferiors, being,
according to their genealogies, the descendants of a slave-woman,
whilst they are the posterity of a free-woman. (p. 71)
The more intimate connection of the Astrakhan and Kazan Tartars with
the Mogols can be traced in their features; with the Nogay it is less
visible. In like manner, the Turkomans further off in the desert, and
the
Uzbeks
Uzbeks of Khive, have more of the Mogol expression than the
Turkomans who encamp near the Persian frontier. The frequent
intercourse of the Nogay, in latter years, with the Cherkess, seems to
have improved their race; and notwithstanding the enmity that exists
between the Turkomans and the Persians, it is still not unlikely that
their close vicinity should have produced on the former a similar
effect in a lapse of several centuries. The fact we have seen, that
the Turkomans marry Persian women, when they take them as prisoners.
The Turkoman women are, like the men, tall, and when young,
well-shaped; their faces are rounder than those of the men; the
cheek-bones less prominent; the eyes black, with fine eye-brows, and
many with fair complexion; the nose is rather flat; the mouth small,
with a row of regular white teeth. In a word, a great number of the
younger part of the community might be reckoned as fair specimens of
pretty women. (p. 73)
Bode, C.A. "The Yamud and Goklan tribes of Turkomania". Journal of the London Ethnological Society, vol. 1, 1848, pp. 60–78. Modern history
Independent Turkic states shown in red
The
Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire gradually grew weaker in the face of poor
administration, repeated wars with
Russia
Russia and Austro-Hungary, and the
emergence of nationalist movements in the Balkans, and it finally gave
way after World War I to the present-day Republic of Turkey.[68]
Ethnic nationalism also developed in
Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire during the 19th
century, taking the form of
Pan-Turkism
Pan-Turkism or Turanism.
The
Turkic peoples
Turkic peoples of
Central Asia
Central Asia were not organized in nation-states
during most of the 20th century, after the collapse of the Russian
Empire living either in the
Soviet Union
Soviet Union or (after a short-lived First
East
Turkestan
Turkestan Republic) in the Chinese Republic.
In 1991, after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, five Turkic
states gained their independence. These were Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. Other Turkic regions such as
Tatarstan, Tuva, and
Yakutia
Yakutia remained in the Russian Federation.
Chinese
Turkestan
Turkestan remained part of the People's Republic of China.
Immediately after the independence of the Turkic states,
Turkey
Turkey began
seeking diplomatic relations with them. Over time political meetings
between the Turkic countries increased and led to the establishment of
TÜRKSOY in 1993 and later the
Turkic Council
Turkic Council in 2009.
Ethnic groups
Turkic ethnic groups are prominent in the world today and there have
been Turkic nations in the past.
The modern list includes:
Altai Azerbaijanis Balkars Bashkirs Chuvashes Crimean Karaites Gagauz Karachays Karakalpaks Kazakhs Khakas Krymchaks Kyrgyz Nogais Qashqai Tatars Turkmens Turkish Tuvans Uyghurs Uzbeks Yakuts
The historical list includes:
Dingling
Bulgars
Alat
Basmyl
Onogurs
Saragurs
Sabirs
Shatuo
Chuban
Göktürks
Oghuz Turks
Kankalis
Khazars
Khaljis
Kipchaks
Kumans
Karluks
Tiele
Turgesh
Yenisei
Yenisei Kirghiz
The origins of the Huns, Tuoba, and
Xiongnu
Xiongnu are unknown but may be of
Turkic ancestry.[27][95][163][164][165]
Geographical distribution
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Descriptive map of Turkic peoples.
Countries and autonomous subdivisions where a Turkic language has official status and/or is spoken by a majority.
Many of the
Turkic peoples
Turkic peoples have their homelands in Central Asia, where
the
Turkic peoples
Turkic peoples settled from China. According to historian John
Foster, "The Turks emerge from among the
Huns
Huns in the middle of [the]
fifth century. They were living in Liang territory when it began to be
overrun by the greater principality of Wei. Preferring to remain under
the rule of their own kind, they moved westward into what is now the
province of Kansu. This was the territory of kindred Huns, who were
called the Rouran. The Turks were a small tribe of only five hundred
families, and they became serfs to the Rouran, who used them as
iron-workers. It is thought that the original meaning of "Turk" is
"helmet", and that they may have taken this name because of the shape
of one of the hills near which they worked. As their numbers and power
grew, their chief made bold to ask for the hand of a
Rouran
Rouran princess
in marriage. The demand was refused, and war followed. In 546, the
iron-workers defeated their overlords."[166] Since then Turkic
languages have spread, through migrations and conquests, to other
locations including present-day Turkey. While the term "Turk" may
refer to a member of any Turkic people, the term Turkish usually
refers specifically to the people and language of the modern country
of Turkey.
The
Turkic languages
Turkic languages constitute a language family of some 30
languages, spoken across a vast area from Eastern
Europe
Europe and the
Mediterranean, to
Siberia
Siberia and Western China, and through to the Middle
East.
Some 170 million people have a Turkic language as their native
language;[167] an additional 20 million people speak a Turkic language
as a second language. The Turkic language with the greatest number of
speakers is Turkish proper, or Anatolian Turkish, the speakers of
which account for about 40% of all Turkic speakers.[168] More than one
third of these are ethnic Turks of Turkey, dwelling predominantly in
Turkey
Turkey proper and formerly Ottoman-dominated areas of Eastern Europe
and West Asia; as well as in Western Europe,
Australia
Australia and the
Americas as a result of immigration. The remainder of the Turkic
people are concentrated in Central Asia, Russia, the Caucasus, China,
and northern Iraq.
At present, there are six independent Turkic countries: Azerbaijan,
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Turkey, Uzbekistan; There are
also several Turkic national subdivisions[169] in the Russian
Federation including Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Chuvashia, Khakassia,
Tuva, Yakutia, the Altai Republic, Kabardino-Balkaria, and
Karachayevo-Cherkessiya. Each of these subdivisions has its own flag,
parliament, laws, and official state language (in addition to
Russian).
The
Xinjiang
Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in western
China
China and the
autonomous region of Gagauzia, located within eastern
Moldova
Moldova and
bordering
Ukraine
Ukraine to the north, are two major autonomous Turkic
regions. The Autonomous Republic of
Crimea
Crimea within
Ukraine
Ukraine is a home of
Crimean Tatars. In addition, there are several communities found in
Iraq, Georgia, Bulgaria, the Republic of Macedonia, Tajikistan,
Afghanistan, and western Mongolia.
The Turks in
Turkey
Turkey are over 60 million[170] to 70 million worldwide,
while the second largest Turkic people are the Azerbaijanis, numbering
22 to 38 million worldwide; most of them live in
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan and Iran.
Turks in India
Turks in India are very small in number. There are barely 150 Turkish
people from
Turkey
Turkey in India. These are recent immigrants. Descendants
of Turkish rulers also exist in Northern India. Mughals who are part
Turkic people also live in India in significant numbers. They are
descendants of the Mughal rulers of India.
Karlugh Turks
Karlugh Turks are also
found in the Haraza region and in smaller number in Azad Kashmir
region of Pakistan. Small amount of
Uyghurs
Uyghurs are also present in India.
Turks also exist in Pakistan in similar proportions. One of the tribe
in Hazara region of Pakistan is
Karlugh Turks
Karlugh Turks which is direct
descendant of Turks of Central Asia. Turkish influence in Pakistan can
be seen through the national language, Urdu, which comes from a
Turkish word meaning "horde" or "army".
The
Western Yugur at Gansu in China, Salar at Qinghai in China, the
Dolgan
Dolgan at Krasnoyarsk Krai in Russia, and the Nogai at
Dagestan
Dagestan in
Russia
Russia are the Turk minorities in the respective regions.
International organizations
Map of TÜRKSOY members.
Further information: Pan-Turkism
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2009)
There are several international organizations created with the purpose
of furthering cooperation between countries with Turkic-speaking
populations, such as the Joint Administration of Turkic Arts and
Culture (TÜRKSOY) and the Parliamentary Assembly of Turkic-speaking
Countries (TÜRKPA).
The newly established Turkic Council, founded on November 3, 2009 by
the Nakhchivan Agreement confederation, Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyzstan and
Turkey, aims to integrate these organizations into a tighter
geopolitical framework.
The
TAKM
TAKM – Organization of the Eurasian Law Enforcement Agencies
with Military Status, established on 25 January 2013.
Demographics
Bashkirs, painting from 1812, Paris
The distribution of people of Turkic cultural background ranges from
Siberia, across Central Asia, to Eastern Europe. As of 2011[update]
the largest groups of Turkic people live throughout Central
Asia—Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and
Azerbaijan, in addition to
Turkey
Turkey and Iran. Additionally, Turkic
people are found within Crimea,
Altishahr
Altishahr region of western China,
northern Iraq, Israel, Russia, Afghanistan, and the Balkans: Moldova,
Bulgaria, Romania, and former Yugoslavia. A small number of Turkic
people also live in Vilnius, the capital of Lithuania. Small numbers
inhabit eastern
Poland
Poland and the south-eastern part of Finland.[171]
There are also considerable populations of Turkic people (originating
mostly from Turkey) in Germany, United States, and Australia, largely
because of migrations during the 20th century.
Sometimes ethnographers group Turkic people into six branches: the
Oghuz Turks, Kipchak, Karluk, Siberian, Chuvash, and Sakha/Yakut
branches. The Oghuz have been termed Western Turks, while the
remaining five, in such a classificatory scheme, are called Eastern
Turks.
Much of the Turkic population of
Central Asia
Central Asia has significant
Caucasoid
Caucasoid and
Mongoloid
Mongoloid ancestry. The genetic distances between the
different populations of
Uzbeks
Uzbeks scattered across
Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan is no
greater than the distance between many of them and the Karakalpaks.
This suggests that
Karakalpaks
Karakalpaks and
Uzbeks
Uzbeks have very similar origins.
The
Karakalpaks
Karakalpaks have a somewhat greater bias towards the eastern
markers than the Uzbeks.[172]
Historical population:
Year Population
1 AD 2–2.5 million?
2013 150–200 million
The Turkic people display a great variety of ethnic types.[173] They
possess physical features ranging from
Caucasoid
Caucasoid to Northern
Mongoloid.
Mongoloid
Mongoloid and
Caucasoid
Caucasoid facial structure is common among
many Turkic groups, such as Chuvash people, Tatars, Kazakhs, Uzbeks,
and Bashkirs.
The following incomplete list of Turkic people shows the respective
groups' core areas of settlement and their estimated sizes (in
millions):
People Primary homeland Population Modern language Predominant religion and sect
Turks Turkey
60
70 M
Turkish
Sunni
Sunni Islam
Azerbaijanis Iranian Azerbaijan, Republic of Azerbaijan
42 30–35 M Azerbaijani Shia Islam
Uzbeks Uzbekistan
32
28.3 M
Uzbek
Sunni
Sunni Islam
Kazakhs Kazakhstan
15
13.8 M
Kazakh
Sunni
Sunni Islam
Uyghurs
Altishahr
Altishahr (China)
15
9 M
Uyghur
Sunni
Sunni Islam
Turkmens Turkmenistan
03
8 M
Turkmen
Sunni
Sunni Islam
Tatars Tatarstan
07
7 M
Tatar
Sunni
Sunni Islam
Kyrgyzs Kyrgyzstan
026
4.5 M
Kyrgyz
Sunni
Sunni Islam
Bashkirs
Bashkortostan
Bashkortostan (Russia)
009
2 M
Bashkir
Sunni
Sunni Islam
Crimean Tatars
Crimea
Crimea (Russia/Ukraine)
009
0.5 to 2 M
Crimean Tatar
Sunni
Sunni Islam
Qashqai Southern Iran
009 1.7 M Qashqai Shia Islam
Chuvashes Chuvashia
010 1.7 M Chuvash Orthodox Christianity
Karakalpaks
Karakalpakstan
Karakalpakstan (Uzbekistan)
007
0.6 M
Karakalpak
Sunni
Sunni Islam
Yakuts
Yakutia
Yakutia (Russia)
007 0.5 M Sakha Orthodox Christianity
Kumyks
Dagestan
Dagestan (Russia)
007
0.4 M
Kumyk
Sunni
Sunni Islam
Karachays
Karachays and Balkars
Karachay-Cherkessia
Karachay-Cherkessia and
Kabardino-Balkaria
Kabardino-Balkaria (Russia)
007
0.4 M
Karachay-Balkar
Sunni
Sunni Islam
Tuvans
Tuva
Tuva (Russia)
009 0.3 M Tuvan Tibetan Buddhism
Gagauzs
Gagauzia
Gagauzia (Moldova)
009 0.2 M Gagauz Orthodox Christianity
Turkic Karaites and Krymchaks Ukraine
007 0.2 M Karaim and Krymchak Judaism
Minorities
Minorities in Turkic Countries
Azerbaijan
Main article: Demographics of Azerbaijan
Kazakhstan
Main article: Demographics of Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Main article: Demographics of Kyrgyzstan
Turkey
Main article: Demographics of Turkey
Number Ethnic Minimum Estimates Maximum Estimates Further information
Balkan
1
Albania
1,500,000
5,000,000
Albanians
Albanians in
Turkey
Turkey / Albanians
2
Bosnia and Herzegovina
100,000
2,000,000
Bosniaks in
Turkey
Turkey / Bosnians
3
Bulgaria
350,000
750,000
Bulgarians
Bulgarians in
Turkey
Turkey / Pomaks in
Turkey
Turkey / Bulgarians
4
Greece
2,000
30,000
Greeks
Greeks in
Turkey
Turkey /
Pontic Greeks
Pontic Greeks /
Caucasus
Caucasus
Greeks
Greeks / Greeks
5
Serbia
15,000
60,000
Serbs
Serbs in
Turkey
Turkey / Serbs
1
Total
2,000,000
7,900,000
Minorities
Minorities in Turkey
Caucasus
1
Abkhazia
600,000
600,000
Abkhazians
Abkhazians / Abkhaz language
2
Armenia
150,000
5,000,000
Armenians
Armenians in
Turkey
Turkey /
Hidden Armenians
Hidden Armenians / Armenians
3
Chechnya
100,000
100,000
Chechens
Chechens in
Turkey
Turkey / Chechens
4
Circassia
150,000
7,000,000
Circassians
Circassians in
Turkey
Turkey / Circassians
5
Georgia
100,000
1,500,000
Georgians
Georgians in
Turkey
Turkey / Georgians
6
Turkey
45,000
2,250,000
Laz people
Laz people in
Turkey
Turkey / Laz people
2
Total
1,100,000
16,450,000
Peoples of the
Caucasus
Caucasus in
Turkey
Turkey / Peoples of the Caucasus
Central Asia
1 Kazakhstan 10,000 10,000 Kazakhs
2 Kyrgyzstan 1,600 1,600 Kyrgyzs
3 Tajikistan 1,000 1,000 Tajiks
4 Turkmenistan 1,500 1,500 Turkmens
5 East Turkestan 50,000 50,000 Uyghurs
6 Uzbekistan 45,000 45,000 Uzbeks
3 Total 120,000 120,000 Central Asian peoples
Turkic peoples
1
Azerbaijan
530,000
800,000
Azerbaijanis
Azerbaijanis in
Turkey
Turkey / Azerbaijanis
2
Crimea
150,000
6,000,000
Crimean
Tatars
Tatars in
Turkey
Turkey / Crimean Tatars
3 Karachay-Cherkessia 20,000 20,000 Karachays
4 Turkey 40,000 75,000 Meskhetian Turks
4 Total 740,000 6,895,000 Turkic peoples
Iranian peoples
1
Afghanistan
25,000
50,000
Afghans in
Turkey
Turkey / Afghans
2 Iran 500,000 650,000 Iranian diaspora / Persians
3
Kurdistan
13,000,000
23,000,000
Kurds
Kurds in
Turkey
Turkey /
Kurdish population
Kurdish population /
Turkish Kurdistan
Turkish Kurdistan / Kurds
4
Kurdistan
1,000,000
3,000,000
Zaza
Kurds
Kurds /
Zaza nationalism
Zaza nationalism / Zaza language
5
North Ossetia-Alania
50,000
50,000
Ossetians
Ossetians in
Turkey
Turkey / Ossetians
6
Romani
700,000
5,000,000
Romani people
Romani people in
Turkey
Turkey / Romani people
5 Total 15,300,000 31,750,000 Iranian peoples
European peoples
1 Netherlands 15,000 15,000 Dutch people
2
Germany
50,000
50,000
Germans
Germans in
Turkey
Turkey / Germans
3
Great Britain
35,000
35,000
Britons in
Turkey
Turkey / British people
4
Italy
35,000
35,000
Levantines in
Turkey
Turkey / Levantines (Latin Catholics)
5
Poland
4,000
4,000
Polish diaspora
Polish diaspora / Poles
6
Russia
50,000
50,000
Russians
Russians in
Turkey
Turkey / Russians
6 Total 190,000 190,000 European peoples
Other Minorities
1
African Union
100,000
100,000
Afro Turks
Afro Turks /
African diaspora
African diaspora / Africans
2
Arab League
1,500,000
5,000,000
Arabs
Arabs in
Turkey
Turkey / Iraqis in
Turkey
Turkey / Arabs
3
Assyria
15,000
65,000
Assyrians in
Turkey
Turkey /
Assyrian genocide
Assyrian genocide / Assyrians
4
Israel
15,000
18,000
Jews
Jews in
Turkey
Turkey / Antisemitism in
Turkey
Turkey / Jews
7
Total
1,630,000
5,200,000
Other
Minorities
Minorities in Turkey
37 Group
Grand Total
21,080,000
68,505,000
Minorities
Minorities in Turkey
Turkmenistan Main article: Demographics of Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Main article: Demographics of Uzbekistan Past and Future Population
Main article: List of countries by past and future population
Main article: List of countries by future population (United Nations, medium fertility variant)
List of countries by past and future population provide 1950, 2000 and 2050 population while List of countries by future population (United Nations, medium fertility variant) provide 2100 population.
Rank Country Area 1950 2000 2050 2100
1 Turkey 783,562 21,122,000 65,970,000 89,291,000 87,983,000
2 Uzbekistan 447,400 6,293,000 25,042,000 35,117,000 32,077,000
3 Kazakhstan 2,724,900 6,694,000 15,688,000 22,238,000 24,712,000
4 Azerbaijan 86,600 2,886,000 8,464,000 11,210,000 9,636,000
5 Kyrgyzstan 199,900 1,739,000 4,938,000 7,064,000 9,046,000
6 Turkmenistan 488,100 1,205,000 4,386,000 6,608,000 5,606,000
Total 4,730,462 39,939,000 124,488,000 171,528,000 169,060,000
Land and Water Area (Exclude Caspian Sea)
Main article: Exclusive economic zone
This list includes dependent territories within their sovereign states (including uninhabited territories), but does not include claims on Antarctica. EEZ+TIA is exclusive economic zone (EEZ) plus total internal area (TIA) which includes land and internal waters.
Rank Country Area EEZ Shelf EEZ+TIA
1 Turkey 783,562 261,654 56,093 1,045,216
2 Uzbekistan 447,400 0 0 447,400
3 Kazakhstan 2,724,900 0 0 2,724,900
4 Azerbaijan 86,600 0 0 86,600
5 Kyrgyzstan 199,900 0 0 199,900
6 Turkmenistan 488,100 0 0 488,100
Total 4,730,462 261,654 56,093 4,992,116
Language
A page from "
Codex
Codex Kumanicus". The
Codex
Codex was designed in order to help
Catholic
Catholic missionaries communicate with the Kumans.
Main articles:
Turkic languages
Turkic languages and
Proto-Turkic language
Further information: Turkic alphabets (other)
The Turkic alphabets are sets of related alphabets with letters
(formerly known as runes), used for writing mostly Turkic languages.
Inscriptions in Turkic alphabets were found in Mongolia. Most of the
preserved inscriptions were dated to between 8th and 10th centuries
CE.
The earliest positively dated and read Turkic inscriptions date from
c. 150, and the alphabets were generally replaced by the Old Uyghur
alphabet in the Central Asia,
Arabic script
Arabic script in the Middle and Western
Asia, Greek-derived
Cyrillic
Cyrillic in Eastern
Europe
Europe and in the Balkans, and
Latin alphabet
Latin alphabet in Central Europe. The latest recorded use of Turkic
alphabet was recorded in Central Europe's Hungary in 1699 CE.
The Turkic runiform scripts, unlike other typologically close scripts
of the world, do not have a uniform palaeography as, for example, have
the Gothic runes, noted for the exceptional uniformity of its language
and paleography.[174] The Turkic alphabets are divided into four
groups, the best known of them is the Orkhon version of the Enisei
group. The
Orkhon script
Orkhon script is the alphabet used by the
Göktürks
Göktürks from
the 8th century to record the
Old Turkic language. It was later used
by the Uyghur Empire; a
Yenisei
Yenisei variant is known from 9th-century
Kyrgyz inscriptions, and it has likely cousins in the
Talas Valley
Talas Valley of
Turkestan
Turkestan and the
Old Hungarian script
Old Hungarian script of the 10th century.
The Turkic language family is traditionally considered to be part of
the proposed
Altaic
Altaic language family.[168][175][176][177]
The various
Turkic languages
Turkic languages are usually considered in geographical
groupings: the Oghuz (or Southwestern) languages, the Kypchak (or
Northwestern) languages, the Eastern languages (like Uygur), the
Northern languages (like Altay and Yakut), and one existing Oghur
language: Chuvash (the other Oghur languages, like Hunnic and
Bulgaric, are now extinct). The high mobility and intermixing of
Turkic peoples
Turkic peoples in history makes an exact classification extremely
difficult.
The
Turkish language
Turkish language belongs to the Oghuz subfamily of Turkic. It is
for the most part mutually intelligible with the other Oghuz
languages, which include Azerbaijani, Gagauz, Turkmen and Urum, and to
a varying extent with the other Turkic languages.
Religion
A shaman doctor of Kyzyl.
Early
Turkic mythology
Turkic mythology and Tengrism
Main articles: Turkic mythology, Tengrism, and
Shamanism
Shamanism in Central
Asia
Pre-Islamic
Turkic mythology
Turkic mythology was dominated by
Tengrism
Tengrism and shamanism.
The chief deity was Tengri, a sky god, worshipped by the upper classes
of early Turkic society until
Manichaeism
Manichaeism was introduced as the
official religion of the
Uyghur Empire
Uyghur Empire in 763. The wolf symbolizes
honour and is also considered the mother of most Turkic peoples. Asena
(
Ashina Tuwu) is the wolf mother of Tumen Il-Qağan, the first Khan of
the Göktürks. The horse and predatory birds, such as the eagle or
falcon, are also main figures of Turkic mythology.
Religious conversions
Mosque
Mosque in Kazakhstan.
Tengri
Tengri Bögü Khan made the now extinct
Manichaeism
Manichaeism the state religion
of
Uyghur Khaganate
Uyghur Khaganate in 763 and it was also popular in Karluks. It was
gradually replaced by the Mahayana Buddhism.[citation needed] It
existed in the
Buddhist
Buddhist Uyghur
Gaochang
Gaochang up to the 12th century.[178]
Tibetan Buddhism, or
Vajrayana
Vajrayana was the main religion after
Manichaeism.[179] They worshipped Täŋri Täŋrisi Burxan,[180]
Quanšï Im Pusar[181] and Maitri Burxan.[182] Turkic
Muslim
Muslim conquest
in the Indian subcontinent and west
Xinjiang
Xinjiang attributed with a rapid
and almost total disappearance of it and other religions in North
India and Central Asia. The Sari Uygurs "Yellow Yughurs" of Western
China, as well as the
Tuvans
Tuvans and Altai of
Russia
Russia are the only
remaining
Buddhist
Buddhist Turkic peoples.
The
Krymchaks
Krymchaks of Eastern
Europe
Europe (Especially Crimea) are Jewish, and
there are Turks of
Jewish
Jewish backgrounds who live in major cities such as
Istanbul, Ankara and Baku. The
Khazars
Khazars widely practiced
Judaism
Judaism before
their conversion to Islam.[citation needed]
Even though many
Turkic peoples
Turkic peoples became Muslims under the influence of
Sufis, often of Shī‘ah persuasion, most Turkic people today are
Sunni
Sunni Muslims, although a significant number in
Turkey
Turkey are Alevis.
Alevi
Alevi Turks, who were once primarily dwelling in eastern Anatolia, are
today concentrated in major urban centers in western
Turkey
Turkey with the
increased urbanism.
The major Christian-
Turkic peoples
Turkic peoples are the Chuvash of
Chuvashia
Chuvashia and
the Gagauz (Gökoğuz) of Moldova. The traditional religion of the
Chuvash of Russia, while containing many ancient Turkic concepts, also
shares some elements with Zoroastrianism,
Khazar
Khazar Judaism, and Islam.
The Chuvash converted to Eastern Orthodox
Christianity
Christianity for the most
part in the second half of the 19th century. As a result, festivals
and rites were made to coincide with Orthodox feasts, and Christian
rites replaced their traditional counterparts. A minority of the
Chuvash still profess their traditional faith.[183] Church of the East
was popular among Turks such as the Naimans.[184] It even revived in
Gaochang
Gaochang and expanded in
Xinjiang
Xinjiang in the Yuan dynasty
period.[185][186][187] It disappeared after its collapse.[188][189]
Old sports
Kyz kuu.
The
Kyz kuu
Kyz kuu (chase the girl) – it has been played by Turkic people
at festivals since time immemorial.[190]
The
Jereed – Horses have been essential and even sacred animals for
Turks living as nomadic tribes in the Central Asian steppes. Turks
were born, grew up, lived, fought and died on horseback. So became
jereed the most important sporting and ceremonial game of Turkish
people.[191]
The kokpar began with the nomadic
Turkic peoples
Turkic peoples who have come from
farther north and east spreading westward from
China
China and Mongolia
between the 10th and 15th centuries.[192]
The jigit which is used in the
Caucasus
Caucasus and
Central Asia
Central Asia to describe a
skillful and brave equestrian, or a brave person in general.[193]
Gallery
Bezeklik caves and Mogao grottoes
Images of
Buddhist
Buddhist and Manichean Turkic
Uyghurs
Uyghurs from the Bezeklik
caves and Mogao grottoes.
Uyghur king from Turfan, from the murals at the Dunhuang Mogao Caves.
Uyghur prince from the Bezeklik murals.
Uyghur woman from the Bezeklik murals.
Uyghur Princess.
Uyghur Princesses from the Bezeklik murals.
Uyghur Princes from the Bezeklik murals.
Uyghur Prince from the Bezeklik murals.
Uyghur noble from the Bezeklik murals.
Uyghur noble from the Bezeklik murals.
Uyghur donor from the Bezeklik murals.
Uyghur Manichaean Electae from Qocho.
Uyghur Manichaean clergymen from Qocho.
Art from Qocho.
Manicheans from Qocho
Medieval times
Khan
Omurtag
Omurtag of Bulgaria, from the Chronicle of John Skylitzes.
Modern times
Azerbaijani girls in traditional dress.
Young and old Gagauz people.
Turkmen girl in national dress.
Uzbek children in Samarkand.
Turkish women playing backgammon.
U.S. Secretary of State
Hillary Clinton
Hillary Clinton visits Tatarstan.
Bashkir boys in national dress.
A Chuvash woman in traditional dress.
Uyghur man of Yarkand.
Two Uyghur elders from Turpan.
A female Chuvash dancer in traditional dress.
Tatar woman in the 18th century.
Female Azerbaijani from Baku.
Karachay
Karachay patriarchs in the 19th century
Uyghur farmer, Xinjiang.
Altay man in national suit on horse
Kazakh family inside a Yurt
An Uyghur girl - a natural blond with epicanthic fold (in Xinjiang, China)
An Yakut women
See also
Por-Bazhyn Ordu-Baliq Jankent Chigils Turks Dukha people Bulaqs Shato Pan-Turkism Turkic languages Turkic migrations Turkic mythology Turko-Persian tradition Turko-Mongol Turkology List of ethnic groups List of Turkic dynasties and countries European ethnic groups Peoples of the Caucasus Kabul Shahi
References
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”
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^ Sevan Nişanyan, Çağdaş Türkçenin Etimolojik Sözlüğü,
İstanbul, 2009 ISBN 9789752896369
^ Abdulkadir İnan, Urartu yazıtında ve Romalı Plinius'un tarihinde
«Türk Adı» var mı? Belleten, TTK, Cilt. XlI, p. 45, 1948, pp.
277–278
^ dile Ayda, Une Theorle Sur L'Orlglne Du Mot «Türk», «Türk»
kelimesinin Menşei Hakkında Bir Nazariye, TTK, Belleten. Cilt. XL.,
No. 158, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Nisan 1976, s. 229 – 247
^ Hamit Koşay, ldil – Ural bölgesindeki Türkler'In Menşei
Hakkında, V. Türk Tarih Kongresi: 12–17 Nisan 1956, TTK.
Basımevi. Ankara 1960. s. 232–243
^ Laszlo Rasonyi, Dünya'da Türklük, Türk Kültürünü Araştırma
Enstitüsü Yayınları. Ayyıldız Matbaası, Ankara 1974
^ Prof. Dr. Ercümend Kuran, Türk Adı ve Türklük Kavramı, Türk
Kültürü Dergisi, Yıl, XV, S. 174, Nisan 1977. s. 18–20.
^ Boris Altschüler. Die Aschkenasim: Letzte Skythen, erste Europäer
– von den zehn verschollenen Stämmen Israels zu den Awaren und
Khasaren / Boris Altschüler, Volume 1. 2006. p. 192: "Das Ethnonym
"Turk" wird mit dem von Herodot überlieferten Namen des ersten
skythischen Königs [Targitaos] oder auch mit dem Namen des Ahnherrn
"Togarma" aus dem Alten Testament, mit "Turukha/Turuska" aus indischen
Quellen und "Turukku" aus assyrischen Dokumenten und anderen
schriftlichen Denkmälern in Verbindung gebracht." (P. Golden)
^ Peter B. Golden, Introduction to the History of the Turkic People,
p. 12: "... source (Herod.IV.22) and other authors of antiquity,
Togarma of the Old Testament, Turukha/Turuska of Indic sources,
Turukku of Assyrian..."
^ German Archaeological Institute. Department Teheran, Archaeologische
Mitteilungen aus Iran, Vol. 19, Dietrich Reimer, 1986, p. 90
^ András Róna-Tas, Hungarians and
Europe
Europe in the early Middle Ages:
an introduction to early Hungarian history, Central European
University Press, 1999, p. 281: "We can now reconstruct the history of
the ethnic name Turk as follows. The word is of East Iranian, most
probably Saka, origin, and is the name of a ruling tribe whose leading
clan
Ashina conquered the Turks, reorganized them, but itself became
rapidly Turkified."
^ Golden, Peter B. "Some Thoughts on the Origins of the Turks and the
Shaping of the Turkic Peoples". (2006) In: Contact and Exchange in the
Ancient World. Ed. Victor H. Mair. University of Hawai'i Press. p.
143: "Subsequently, "Tùrk" would find a suirable Turkic etymology,
being conflated with the word tùrk, which means one in the prime of
youth, powerful, mighty (Rona-Tas 1991,10–13)."
^ (Bŭlgarska akademii︠a︡ na naukite. Otdelenie za ezikoznanie/
izkustvoznanie/ literatura, Linguistique balkanique, Vol. 27–28,
1984, p. 17
^ a b c “Türk” in Turkish Etymological Dictionary, Sevan
Nişanyan.
^ Murat Ocak, The Turks: Early ages, Yeni Türkiye, 2002
^ Faruk Suümer, Oghuzes (Turkmens): History, Tribal organization,
Sagas, Turkish World Research Foundation, 1992, p. 16)
^
American Heritage Dictionary (2000). "The American Heritage
Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition – "Turk"".
bartleby.com. Retrieved 2006-12-07.
^ “türe-” in Turkish Etymological Dictionary, Sevan Nişanyan.
^ “*töŕ” in Sergei Starostin, Vladimir Dybo, Oleg Mudrak (2003),
Etymological Dictionary of the
Altaic
Altaic Languages, Leiden: Brill
Academic Publishers.
^ “*t`ŏ̀ŕe” in Sergei Starostin, Vladimir Dybo, Oleg Mudrak
(2003), Etymological Dictionary of the
Altaic
Altaic Languages, Leiden: Brill
Academic Publishers.
^ THE PEOPLES OF THE STEPPE FRONTIER IN EARLY CHINESE SOURCES, Edwin
G. Pulleyblank, page 35
^ Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes, PETER
B. GOLDEN, page 27,
https://www.academia.edu/9609971/Studies_on_the_Peoples_and_Cultures_of_the_Eurasian_Steppes
^ Sinor, Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, Page 295
^ a b G. Moravcsik, Byzantinoturcica II, p. 236–39
^ Jean-Paul Roux, Historie des Turks – Deux mille ans du Pacifique
á la Méditerranée. Librairie Arthème Fayard, 2000.
^ Marshall Cavendish Corporation (2006). Peoples of Western Asia.
p. 364.
^ Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2007). Historic Cities of the Islamic
World. p. 280.
^ Borrero, Mauricio (2009). Russia: A Reference Guide from the
Renaissance to the Present. p. 162.
^ a b Peter Zieme: The Old Turkish Empires in Mongolia. In: Genghis
Khan and his heirs. The Empire of the Mongols.
Special
Special tape for
Exhibition 2005/2006, p. 64
^ a b Findley (2005), p. 29.
^ "丁零—铁勒的西迁及其所建西域政权". Retrieved 18
March 2015.
^ "Etienne de la Vaissiere",
Encyclopædia Iranica article:Sogdian
Trade Archived 2009-12-20 at the Wayback Machine., 1 December 2004.
^ a b c d e f Carter V. Findley, The Turks in World History (Oxford
University Press, October 2004) ISBN 0-19-517726-6
^ Silk-Road:Xiongnu
^ "Yeni Turkiye Research and Publishing Center". Retrieved 18 March
2015.
^ "An Introduction to the Turkic Tribes". Retrieved 18 March
2015.
^ "Early Turkish History". Archived from the original on October 27,
2009. Retrieved 2015-02-05. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status
unknown (link)
^ "An outline of Turkish History until 1923". Retrieved 18 March
2015.
^ Lebedynsky (2006), p. 59.
^ Beckwith (2009), pp. 72–73 and 404–405, nn. 51–52.
^ Nicola di Cosmo, Ancient
China
China and its Enemies, S. 163ff.
^ Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (2010). The Cambridge Illustrated History of
China
China (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 69.
ISBN 978-0-521-12433-1.
^ Keyser-Tracqui C., Crubezy E., Ludes B. (2003). "Nuclear and
mitochondrial DNA analysis of a 2,000-year-old necropolis in the Egyin
Gol Valley of Mongolia". American Journal of Human Genetics. 73 (2):
247–260. doi:10.1086/377005. PMC 1180365 .
PMID 12858290. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
^ Nancy Touchette Ancient DNA Tells Tales from the Grave "Skeletons
from the most recent graves also contained DNA sequences similar to
those in people from present-day Turkey. This supports other studies
indicating that Turkic tribes originated at least in part in Mongolia
at the end of the
Xiongnu
Xiongnu period."
^ TIKA. "TIKA supports archaeological digs in Kazakhstan".
Missing or empty url= (help)
^ Fethi Ahmet Yüksel. "Kazakistan Kumay Vadisi Kumay Türk
Arkeoloji-Etnografya Kompleksi 2013 Yılı Arkeojeofizik
Çalışmaları".
^ a b Kim, Kijeong; Brenner, Charles H.; Mair, Victor H.; Lee,
Kwang-Ho; Kim, Jae-Hyun; Gelegdorj, Eregzen; Batbold, Natsag; Song,
Yi-Chung; Yun, Hyeung-Won; Chang, Eun-Jeong; Lkhagvasuren,
Gavaachimed; Bazarragchaa, Munkhtsetseg; Park, Ae-Ja; Lim, Inja; Hong,
Yun-Pyo; Kim, Wonyong; Chung, Sang-In; Kim, Dae-Jin; Chung, Yoon-Hee;
Kim, Sung-Su; Lee, Won-Bok; Kim, Kyung-Yong (2010). "A western
Eurasian male is found in 2000-year-old elite
Xiongnu
Xiongnu cemetery in
Northeast Mongolia". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 142
(3): 429–40. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21242. PMID 20091844.
^ Xue, Y.; Zerjal, T; Bao, W; Zhu, S; Shu, Q; Xu, J; Du, R; Fu, S; Li,
P; Hurles, M. E.; Yang, H; Tyler-Smith, C (2005). "Male Demography in
East Asia: A North-South Contrast in Human Population Expansion
Times". Genetics. 172 (4): 2431–9. doi:10.1534/genetics.105.054270.
PMC 1456369 . PMID 16489223.
^ Psarras, Sophia-Karin (2003). "Han and Xiongnu: A Reexamination of
Cultural and
Political
Political Relations (I)". Monumenta Serica. 51: 55–236.
JSTOR 40727370.
^ MA Li-qing On the new evidence on Xiongnu's writings. (Wanfang Data:
Digital Periodicals, 2004)
^ Paola Demattè Writing the Landscape: the Petroglyphs of Inner
Mongolia
Mongolia and Ningxia Province (China). (Paper presented at the First
International Conference of Eurasian Archaeology, University of
Chicago, 3–4 May 2002.)
^ N. Ishjatms, "Nomads In Eastern Central Asia", in the "History of
civilizations of Central Asia", Volume 2, Fig 6, p. 166, UNESCO
Publishing, 1996, ISBN 92-3-102846-4
^ Ulrich Theobald. "Chinese History –
Xiongnu
Xiongnu 匈奴
(www.chinaknowledge.de)". Retrieved 18 March 2015.
^ G. Pulleyblank, "The Consonantal System of Old Chinese: Part II",
Asia Major n.s. 9 (1963) 206–65
^ "The Origins of the Huns". Retrieved 18 March 2015.
^ Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen. The World of the Huns: Studies in Their
History and Culture. University of California Press, 1973
^ "Otto Maenchen-Helfen, Language of Huns". Retrieved 18 March
2015.
^ Moses Parkson, "
Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire and its past life" p. 98
^ The Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge. (1835) B. B. Edwards and J.
Newton Brown. Brattleboro, Vermont, Fessenden & Co., p. 1125.
^ a b Pritsak O. & Golb. N: Khazarian Hebrew Documents of the
Tenth Century, Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press, 1982.
^ The Chronicles of Jeraḥmeel. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
^ "The Pechenegs". Archived from the original on October 27, 2009.
Retrieved 2009-10-27. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown
(link) , Steven Lowe and Dmitriy V. Ryaboy
^ a b
Encyclopædia Britannica
Encyclopædia Britannica Article:Mughal Dynasty
^
Encyclopædia Britannica
Encyclopædia Britannica Article:Babur
^ "the Mughal dynasty". Retrieved 18 March 2015.
^ "Kamat's Potpourri". Retrieved 18 March 2015.
^ Babur:
Encyclopædia Britannica
Encyclopædia Britannica Article
^ RM Savory. Ebn Bazzaz. Encyclopædia Iranica
^ "Peoples of Iran" Encyclopædia Iranica. RN Frye.
^ Aptin Khanbaghi (2006) The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority
Religions in Medieval and Early. London & New York. IB Tauris.
ISBN 1-84511-056-0, pp. 130-1
^ Yarshater 2001, p. 493.
^ Khanbaghi 2006, p. 130.
^ Anthony Bryer. "
Greeks
Greeks and Türkmens: The Pontic Exception",
Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Vol. 29 (1975), Appendix II "Genealogy of the
Muslim
Muslim Marriages of the Princesses of Trebizond"
^ Savory, Roger (2007).
Iran
Iran Under the Safavids. Cambridge University
Press. p. 213. ISBN 978-0-521-04251-2. qizilbash normally
spoke Azari brand of Turkish at court, as did the Safavid shahs
themselves; lack of familiarity with the Persian language may have
contributed to the decline from the pure classical standards of former
times
^ E. Yarshater, "Iran", . Encyclopædia Iranica. "The origins of the
Safavids are clouded in obscurity. They may have been of Kurdish
origin (see R. Savory,
Iran
Iran Under the Safavids, 1980, p. 2; R.
Matthee, "Safavid Dynasty" at iranica.com), but for all practical
purposes they were Turkish-speaking and Turkified. "
^ John L. Esposito, The Oxford History of Islam, Oxford University
Press US, 1999. pp 364: "To support their legitimacy, the Safavid
dynasty of
Iran
Iran (1501–1732) devoted a cultural policy to establish
their regime as the reconstruction of the historic Iranian monarchy.
To the end, they commissioned elaborate copies of the Shahnameh, the
Iranian national epic, such as this one made for Tahmasp in the
1520s."
^ Ira Marvin Lapidus, A history of Islamic Societies, Cambridge
University Press, 2002, 2nd edition. pg 445: To bolster the prestige
of the state, the
Safavid dynasty
Safavid dynasty sponsored an Iran-Islamic style of
culture concentrating on court poetry, painting, and monumental
architecture that symbolized not only the Islamic credentials of the
state but also the glory of the ancient Persian traditions."
^ Helen Chapin Metz. Iran, a Country study. 1989. University of
Michigan, p. 313.
^ Emory C. Bogle. Islam: Origin and Belief. University of Texas Press.
1989, p. 145.
^ Stanford Jay Shaw. History of the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge
University Press. 1977, p. 77.
^ Andrew J. Newman, Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire, IB
Tauris (March 30, 2006).
^ RM Savory, Safavids, Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed.
^ Cambridge History of
Iran
Iran Volume 7, pp. 2–4
^ Robert Dankoff (2008). From Mahmud Kaşgari to Evliya Çelebi. Isis
Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-975-428-366-2.
^ Dankoff, Robert (Jan–Mar 1975). "Kāšġarī on the Beliefs and
Superstitions of the Turks". Journal of the American Oriental Society.
American Oriental Society. 95 (1): 70. doi:10.2307/599159.
JSTOR 599159.
^ Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb; Bernard Lewis; Johannes Hendrik
Kramers; Charles Pellat; Joseph Schacht (1998). The Encyclopaedia of
Islam. Brill. p. 689.
^ Robert Dankoff (2008). From Mahmud Kaşgari to Evliya Çelebi. Isis
Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-975-428-366-2.
^ Mehmet Fuat Köprülü; Gary Leiser; Robert Dankoff (2006). Early
Mystics in Turkish Literature. Psychology Press. pp. 147–.
ISBN 978-0-415-36686-1.
^
https://web.archive.org/web/20151118063834/http://projects.iq.harvard.edu/huri/files/viii-iv_1979-1980_part1.pdf
p. 160.
^ Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute (1980). Harvard Ukrainian
studies. Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute. p. 160.
^ Robert Dankoff (2008). From Mahmud Kaşgari to Evliya Çelebi. Isis
Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-975-428-366-2.
^ Dankoff, Robert (Jan–Mar 1975). "Kāšġarī on the Beliefs and
Superstitions of the Turks". Journal of the American Oriental Society.
American Oriental Society. 95 (1): 69. doi:10.2307/599159.
JSTOR 599159.
^ Millward, James A. (2007). Eurasian Crossroads: A History of
Xinjiang
Xinjiang (illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. p. 43.
ISBN 0231139241. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
^ James A. Millward (2007). Eurasian Crossroads: A History of
Xinjiang. Columbia University Press. pp. 69–.
ISBN 978-0-231-13924-3.
^ Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb; Bernard Lewis; Johannes Hendrik
Kramers; Charles Pellat; Joseph Schacht (1998). The Encyclopaedia of
Islam. Brill. p. 677.
^ [1][2][3]
^ Whitfield, Susan (2010). "A place of safekeeping? The vicissitudes
of the Bezeklik murals". In Agnew, Neville. Conservation of ancient
sites on the Silk Road: proceedings of the second International
Conference on the Conservation of Grotto Sites, Mogao Grottoes,
Dunhuang, People's Republic of
China
China (PDF). Getty Publications.
pp. 95–106. ISBN 978-1-60606-013-1. Archived from History
and
Silk Road
Silk Road Studies the original Check url= value (help) on
2012-10-30.
^ The Turks of the Eurasian Steppes in Medieval Arabic Writing, R.
Amitai, M. Biran, eds., Mongols, Turks and Others: Eurasian Nomads and
the Sedentary World. Leyde, Brill, 2005, pp. 222–3.
^ Reuven Amitai; Michal Biran (2005). Mongols, Turks, and Others:
Eurasian Nomads and the Sedentary World. Brill. p. 222.
ISBN 978-90-04-14096-7.
^ André Wink (2002). Al-Hind: The Slavic Kings and the Islamic
conquest, 11th–13th centuries. BRILL. pp. 69–.
ISBN 0-391-04174-6.
^ :
Sahih al-Bukhari
Sahih al-Bukhari 2928 : Book 56,
Hadith
Hadith 141 : Vol. 4,
Book 52,
Hadith
Hadith 179
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Hadith
Hadith 4:179
^ IslamKotob. bukharitext. IslamKotob. pp. 689–.
GGKEY:FBLX1RRQSHD.
^ Bill McLean; IslamKotob. bukhari. IslamKotob. pp. 689–.
GGKEY:TAALKTXZJCJ.
^
Muhammad
Muhammad Muhsin Khan (1971).
Sahih
Sahih Bukhari. Peace Vision.
pp. 684–. ISBN 978-1-4710-6369-5.
^ 288 hadith found in 'Fighting for the Cause of Allah (Jihaad)' of
Sahih
Sahih Bukhari.
^ Imam Bukhari &
Muslim
Muslim (15 August 2014).
Sahih
Sahih Al-Bukhari Muslim:
Arabic – English (English Translation). pp. 114–.
^ Muḥammad ibn Ismāʻīl Bukhārī;
Muhammad
Muhammad Muhsin Khan (1996).
مختصر صحيح البخاري. Darussalam. pp. 602–.
ISBN 978-9960-740-80-5.
^
Muhammad
Muhammad Muhsin Khan (1971).
Sahih
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pp. 684–. ISBN 978-1-4710-6369-5.
^ Vol. 4, Book 52,
Hadith
Hadith 179
^ Hamdaan Publications.
Sahih
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^ Something Said the Lord Christ. Douglas Chick. pp. 359–.
ISBN 978-1-937485-45-0.
^ Kailtyn Chick. Islamic
Hadith
Hadith (English Translation). Hamlet Book
Publishing. pp. 230–.
^ :
Sahih al-Bukhari
Sahih al-Bukhari 3587, 3588, 3589 : Book 61,
Hadith
Hadith 96 :
Vol. 4, Book 56,
Hadith
Hadith 787
^ :
Sahih
Sahih
Muslim
Muslim 2912 d : Book 54,
Hadith
Hadith 79 : Book 41,
Hadith
Hadith 6959
^ : Sunan an-Nasa'i 3177 : Book 25,
Hadith
Hadith 93 : Vol. 1, Book
25,
Hadith
Hadith 3179
^ : Sunan Abi Dawud 4303 : Book 39,
Hadith
Hadith 13 : Book 38,
Hadith
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^ : Sunan Abi Dawud 4305 : Book 39,
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Ashgate. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-86078-700-6.
^ Abd Allah Ibn Umar Baydawi; Mahmud Isfahani (October 2001). Nature,
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^ Saheeh al-Jaami as-Sagheer 8170
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Mongolian Naval Expedition to Java in the 13th Century. Institute of
Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 139–.
ISBN 978-981-4517-82-9.
^ David W. Bade (2002). Khubilai Khan and the Beautiful Princess of
Tumapel: The Mongols Between History and Literature in Java. A.
Chuluunbat. p. 115.
^ Bade, David. Meaning and Truth in Histories. Cambridge University
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^ "
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^
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the Indo-Timurids, Online Edition, 2007.
^ Walton, Linda (2013). World History: Journeys from Past to Present.
p. 210.
^ Foster, John (1939). The Church of the Tang Dynasty. Macmillan.
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^ Turkic
Language family
Language family tree entries provide the information on the
Turkic-speaking populations and regions.
^ a b Katzner, Kenneth (March 2002). Languages of the World, Third
Edition. Routledge, an imprint of Taylor & Francis Books Ltd.
ISBN 978-0-415-25004-7.
^ Across Central Asia, a New Bond Grows –
Iron
Iron Curtain's Fall Has
Spawned a Convergence for Descendants of Turkic
Nomad
Nomad Hordes
^ "Türkiye'deki Kürtlerin sayısı!" [The number of
Kurds
Kurds in
Turkey!].
Milliyet
Milliyet (in Turkish). 6 June 2008. Retrieved 16 November
2016.
^ Substantial numbers (possibly several millions) of maghrebis of the
former Ottoman colonies in
North Africa
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conclusions at www.karakalpak.com/genetics.html
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Asian areal, М., 1983, p. 44
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2008
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Further reading
Alpamysh, H.B. Paksoy: Central Asian Identity under Russian Rule
(Hartford: AACAR, 1989)
H. B. Paksoy (1989). Alpamysh: Central Asian Identity Under Russian
Rule. AACAR. ISBN 978-0-9621379-9-0.
Amanjolov A.S., "History of the Ancient Turkic Script", Almaty,
"Mektep", 2003, ISBN 9965-16-204-2
Baichorov S.Ya., "Ancient Turkic runic monuments of the Europe",
Stavropol, 1989 (in Russian).
Baskakov, N.A. 1962, 1969. Introduction to the study of the Turkic
languages. Moscow (in Russian).
Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009): Empires of the Silk Road: A History
of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton:
Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13589-2.
Boeschoten, Hendrik & Lars Johanson. 2006.
Turkic languages
Turkic languages in
contact. Turcologica, Bd. 61. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
ISBN 3-447-05212-0.
Chavannes, Édouard
Chavannes, Édouard (1900): Documents sur les Tou-kiue (Turcs)
occidentaux. Paris, Librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient. Reprint:
Taipei. Cheng Wen Publishing Co. 1969.
Clausen, Gerard. 1972. An etymological dictionary of
pre-thirteenth-century Turkish. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Deny, Jean et al. 1959–1964. Philologiae Turcicae Fundamenta.
Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
Findley, Carter Vaughn. 2005. The Turks in World History. Oxford
University Press. ISBN 0-19-516770-8; ISBN 0-19-517726-6
(pbk.)
Golden, Peter B. An introduction to the history of the Turkic peoples:
Ethnogenesis and state-formation in medieval and early modern Eurasia
and the Middle East (Otto Harrassowitz (Wiesbaden) 1992)
ISBN 3-447-03274-X
Peter B. Golden (1 January 1992). An Introduction to the History of
the Turkic Peoples: Ethnogenesis and State-formation in Medieval and
Early Modern Eurasia and the Middle East. O. Harrassowitz.
ISBN 978-3-447-03274-2.
Heywood, Colin. The Turks (The Peoples of Europe) (Blackwell 2005),
ISBN 978-0-631-15897-4.
Hostler, Charles Warren. The Turks of
Central Asia
Central Asia (Greenwood Press,
November 1993), ISBN 0-275-93931-6.
Ishjatms N., "Nomads In Eastern Central Asia", in the "History of
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External links
Look up Türk in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Turkic peoples.
Wikisource
Wikisource has the text of the 1911
Encyclopædia Britannica
Encyclopædia Britannica article
Turks.
Turkish Studies - Turkic republics, regions, and peoples at University of Michigan Türkçekent Orientaal's links for Turkish Language Learning Türkçestan Orientaal's links to Turkic languages Crimean Tatar Internet Resources
New DNA results
"Probable ancestors of Hungarian ethnic groups: an admixture
analysis"C. R. GUGLIELMINO1, A. DE SILVESTRI2 and J. BERES
MtDNA and Y chromosome polymorphisms in Hungary: inferences from the
Palaeolithic, Neolithic and Uralic influences on the modern Hungarian
gene pool
World History Study Guide: "Dastan Turkic" at BookRsgs.com
The
Altaic
Altaic Epic
Downloadable article: "Evidence that a West-East admixed population
lived in the Tarim Basin as early as the early Bronze Age" Li et al.
BMC Biology 2010, 8:15. [5]
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Turkic topics
Languages
Afshar Altay Äynu Azerbaijani Bashkir Bulgar Chagatai Chulym Chuvash Crimean Tatar Cuman Dolgan Fuyü Gïrgïs Gagauz Ili Turki Karachay-Balkar Karaim Karakalpak Karamanli Turkish Kazakh Khakas Khalaj Khazar Khorasani Turkic Kipchak Krymchak Kumyk Kipchak languages Kyrgyz Nogai Old Turkic Ottoman Turkish Pecheneg Qashqai Sakha/Yakut Salar Shor Siberian Tatar Tatar Tofa Turkish Turkmen Tuvan Urum Uyghur Uzbek Western Yugur
Peoples
Afshar Ahiska Altays Azerbaijanis Balkars Bashkirs Bulgars Chulyms Chuvash Crimean Tatars Cumans Dolgans Dughlats Gagauz Iraqi Turkmens Karachays Karaites Karakalpaks Karluks Kazakhs Khakas Khalajs Khazars Khorasani Turks Kimek Kipchaks Krymchaks Kumandins Kumyks Kyrgyz Nogais Oghuz Turks Qarapapaqs Qashqai Salar Shatuo Shors Sybyrs Syrian Turkmen Tatars Telengits Teleuts Tofalar Turgesh Turkish people
in Bulgaria Turkish Cypriots in Kosovo in Egypt in the Republic of Macedonia in Romania in Western Thrace
Turkmens Tuvans Uyghurs Uzbeks Western Yugurs Yakuts Yueban
Politics
Grey Wolves Kemalism Burkhanism Pan-Turkism Turanism
Origins
Turkestan History Timeline of the Göktürks
Timeline 500–1300 migration
Nomadic empire Tian Shan / Altai Mountains Otuken
Locations
Sovereign states
Azerbaijan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus1 Turkey Turkmenistan Uzbekistan
Autonomous areas
Altai Republic Bashkortostan Chuvashia Gagauzia Kabardino-Balkaria Karachay-Cherkessia Karakalpakstan Khakassia Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic Sakha Republic Tatarstan Tuva Xinjiang
Studies
Old Turkic alphabet Proto-Turkic language Turkology
Religions
Turkic mythology Tengrism Shamanism Islam Alevism Batiniyya Bayramiye Bektashi Order Christianity Hurufism Kadiri Khalwati order Malamatiyya Qalandariyya Qizilbash Rifa'i* Safaviyya Zahediyeh Vattisen Yaly
Traditional sports
Kyz kuu Jereed Kokpar Dzhigit Chovgan
Organizations
Turkic Council
International Organization of Turkic Culture
International Organization of Turkic Culture (TÜRKSOY)
Organization of the Eurasian Law Enforcement Agencies with Military
Status (TAKM)
World Turks Qurultai
1 State with limited international recognition.
v t e
Turkic peoples
Altays Afshar Azerbaijanis Balkars Bashkirs Bulaqs Bulgars Chelkans Chulyms Chuvash Crimean Karaites Crimean Tatars Cumans Dolgans Dughlats Gagauz Iraqi Turkmen Karachays Karakalpaks Karluks Kazakhs Khakas Khalajs Khazars Khorasani Turks Kimek Kipchaks Kryashens Krymchaks Kumandins Kumyks Kyrgyz Lipka Tatars Meskhetian Turks Mishar Tatars
Finnish Tatars
Nağaybäk Naimans Nogais Oghuz Turks Qarapapaqs Qashqai Qizilbash Salar Siberian Tatars Shatuo Shors Syrian Turkmen Telengits Teleuts Tofalar Tubalar Turgesh Turks (proper)
diaspora
Turkmens Tuvans Uyghurs Uzbeks Volga Tatars Yakuts Yugur
Italics indicate e