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Contents
1 Characteristics 2 Köppen climate classification 3 Precipitation 4 Temperature 5 Mediterranean biome
5.1 Natural vegetation
6 Hot-summer Mediterranean climate 7 Warm-summer Mediterranean climate 8 Cold-summer Mediterranean climate 9 References 10 External links
Characteristics[edit]
The
Mediterranean climate
Mediterranean climate is characterised by dry summers and mild,
rainy winters. They are located on the western sides of continents,
between roughly 30 and 45 degrees north and south of the equator.
Mediterranean climate
Mediterranean climate zones are typically associated with the five
large subtropical high-pressure belts of the oceans: the
Azores
Azores High,
South Atlantic High, North Pacific High, South Pacific High, and
Indian
Ocean
Ocean High. These high-pressure belts, called anticyclones,
rotate clockwise in the
Northern Hemisphere
Northern Hemisphere and counter-clockwise in
the Southern Hemisphere.
Anticyclones
Anticyclones cause air in the surrounding
atmosphere to diverge and descend, sinking the air in opposing
directions until there are no clouds present; leaving clear skies.
Climatological high-pressure anticyclones migrate by latitude
according to the direct angle of the Sun, shifting northward in the
summer and toward the equator in the winter. These semi-permanent
high-pressure belts play a major role in the formation of the world's
subtropical and tropical deserts as well as the rainless summers
associated with the Mediterranean climate.
The
Azores High
Azores High (also known as the Bermuda High), is associated with
the
Mediterranean climate
Mediterranean climate found in the Mediterranean Basin, the Sahara
Desert, and
Arabian Desert
Arabian Desert (as well as that of the Azores, Canary
Islands, and other eastern Atlantic islands). The South Atlantic High
is similarly associated with the
Namib Desert
Namib Desert and Kalahari Desert, and
the
Mediterranean climate
Mediterranean climate of the western part of South Africa. The
North Pacific High is related to the North American deserts: the
Mojave Desert, Great Basin Desert, Sonoran Desert, and Chihuahuan
Desert, and maintains the
Mediterranean climate
Mediterranean climate found in California.
The
South Pacific High
South Pacific High correlates to the
Atacama Desert
Atacama Desert and Central
Chile's climate, while the Indian
Ocean
Ocean High controls southwestern
Australia's climate.[1]
Most large, historic cities of the Mediterranean basin, including
Athens, Algiers, Barcelona, Beirut, Istanbul, Izmir, Jerusalem,
Marseille,
Rome
Rome and Tunis, lie within Mediterranean climatic zones, as
do major cities outside the Mediterranean basin, such as Lisbon,
Casablanca, Cape Town, Adelaide, Perth, Santiago, Los Angeles, San
Francisco,
Tashkent
Tashkent and Dushanbe.
Köppen climate classification[edit]
Under the Köppen climate classification, "hot dry-summer" climates
(classified as Csa) and "cool dry-summer climates (classified as Csb)
are often referred to as "Mediterranean". Under the Köppen climate
system, the first letter indicates the climate group (in this case
temperate climates). Temperate climates or "C" zones have an average
temperature above 0 °C (32 °F), but below 18 °C
(64 °F), in their coolest months. The second letter indicates
the precipitation pattern ("s" represents dry summers). Köppen has
defined a dry summer month as a month with less than 30 mm
(1.2 in) of precipitation and with less than one-third that of
the wettest winter month. Some, however, use a 40 mm
(1.6 in) level.[2][3] The third letter indicates the degree of
summer heat: "a" represents an average temperature in the warmest
month above 22 °C (72 °F), while "b" indicates the average
temperature in the warmest month below 22 °C (72 °F).
Under the Köppen classification, dry-summer climates (Csa, Csb)
usually occur on the western sides of continents. Csb zones in the
Köppen system include areas normally not associated with
Mediterranean climates but with Oceanic climates, such as much of the
Pacific Northwest, much of southern Chile, parts of west-central
Argentina, and parts of New Zealand.[4] Additional highland areas in
the subtropics also meet Cs requirements, though they, too, are not
normally associated with Mediterranean climates, as do a number of
oceanic islands such as Madeira, the Juan Fernández Islands, the
western part of the Canary Islands, and the eastern part of the Azores
Under Trewartha's modified Köppen climate classification, the two
major requirements for a Cs climate are revised. Under Trewartha's
system, at least eight months must have average temperatures of
10 °C (50 °F) or higher (subtropical), and the average
annual precipitation must not exceed 900 mm (35 in). Thus,
under this system, many Csb zones in the Köppen system become Do or
Oceanic climate, and many Csc zones in the Köppen system become Eo or
Subpolar oceanic climate, with the only classic dry-summer to warm
winter, low annual rainfall locations are included in the
Mediterranean type climate.
Precipitation[edit]
“ It [Chile] has six, months of winter, no more, and in them, except when there is a quarter moon, when it rains one or two days, all the other days have such beautiful suns... ”
—
Pedro de Valdivia
Pedro de Valdivia to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
During summer, regions of
Mediterranean climate
Mediterranean climate are dominated by
subtropical high-pressure, with dry sinking air capping a surface
marine layer of varying humidity and making rainfall unlikely. In many
Mediterranean climates there is a strong diurnal character to daily
temperatures in the warm summer months, due to the great loss of
ultraviolet radiation from the sun at night.
In winter,
Mediterranean climate
Mediterranean climate zones come into contact with the
westerlies and associated periodic storms can reach into the
Mediterranean climate
Mediterranean climate zones. Since the high-pressure is no longer
there to deflect storms away from these regions, thunderstorms and
heavy rain become possible. As a result, areas with this climate
receive almost all of their precipitation during their winter and
spring seasons, and may go anywhere from 3 to 6 months during the
summer without having any significant precipitation. In the lower
latitudes, precipitation usually decreases in both the winter and
summer because they are closer to the Horse latitudes, thus bringing
smaller amounts of rain. Toward the polar latitudes, total moisture
usually increases; the
Mediterranean climate
Mediterranean climate in Southern
Europe
Europe has
more rain. The rainfall also tends to be more evenly distributed
throughout the year in Southern Europe, while in the Eastern
Mediterranean (the Levant) and in Southern
California
California the summer is
nearly or completely dry and the dry season most severe. In places
where evapotranspiration is higher, steppe climates tend to prevail,
but still follow the weather pattern of the Mediterranean climate.
Temperature[edit]
Mediterranean climate
Mediterranean climate distribution in the Americas
The majority of the regions with Mediterranean climates have
relatively mild winters and very warm summers. However winter and
summer temperatures can vary greatly between different regions with a
Mediterranean climate. For instance, in the case of winters, Lisbon
and
Los Angeles
Los Angeles experience mild temperatures in the winter, with frost
and snowfall almost unknown, whereas
Tashkent
Tashkent has colder winters with
annual frosts and snowfall. Or to consider summer,
Athens
Athens experiences
rather high temperatures in that season (48 °C (118 °F)
has been measured in nearby Eleusis). In contrast,
San Francisco
San Francisco has
cool summers with daily highs around 21 °C (70 °F) due to
the continuous upwelling of cold subsurface waters along the coast.
The coast of
California
California also produces regular summer fog, due to cool,
moist ocean air coming into contact with high-pressure.
Because most regions with a
Mediterranean climate
Mediterranean climate are near large
bodies of water, temperatures are generally moderate with a
comparatively small range of temperatures between the winter low and
summer high (although the daily range of temperature during the summer
is large due to dry and clear conditions, except along the immediate
coasts). Temperatures during winter only occasionally fall below the
freezing point and snow is generally seldom seen. In the summer, the
temperatures range from mild to very hot, depending on distance from a
large body of water, elevation, and latitude. Even in the warmest
locations with a Mediterranean-type climate, however, temperatures
usually do not reach the highest readings found in adjacent desert
regions because of cooling from water bodies, although strong winds
from inland desert regions can sometimes boost summer temperatures,
quickly increasing the risk of wildfires.
As in every climatologic domain, the highland locations of the
Mediterranean domain can present cooler temperatures in winter than
the lowland areas, temperatures which can sometimes prohibit the
growth of typical Mediterranean plants. Some Spanish authors opt to
use the term "Continental Mediterranean climate" for some regions with
lower temperature in winter than the coastal areas[5] (direct
translation from Clima Mediterráneo Continentalizado), but most
climate classifications (including Köppen's Cs zones) show no
distinction.
Additionally, the temperature and rainfall pattern for a Csa or even a
Csb climate can exist as a microclimate in some high-altitude
locations adjacent to a rare tropical As (tropical savanna climate
with dry summers, typically in a rainshadow region). These have a
favourable climate with mild wet winters and fairly warm, dry summers.
Mediterranean biome[edit]
The
Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub biome is closely
associated with
Mediterranean climate
Mediterranean climate zones, as are unique freshwater
communities. Particularly distinctive of the climate are sclerophyll
shrublands, called maquis in the Mediterranean Basin, chaparral in
California, matorral in Chile, fynbos in South Africa, and mallee and
kwongan shrublands in Australia. Aquatic communities in Mediterranean
climate regions are adapted to a yearly cycle in which abiotic
(environmental) controls of stream populations and community structure
dominate during floods, biotic components (e.g. competition and
predation) controls become increasingly important as the discharge
declines, and environmental controls regain dominance as environmental
conditions become very harsh (i.e. hot and dry); as a result, these
communities are well suited to recover from droughts, floods, and
fires.[6] Aquatic organisms in these regions show distinct long-term
patterns in structure and function,[7] and are also highly sensitive
to the effects of climate change.[8][9]
Natural vegetation[edit]
The native vegetation of
Mediterranean climate
Mediterranean climate lands must be adapted
to survive long, hot summer droughts and prolonged wet periods in
winter. Mediterranean vegetation examples include the following:[10]
Evergreen trees: such as bay laurel, pine, cypress, and oak
Deciduous trees: such as sycamore, oak, and buckeyes
Fruit trees such as olive, figs, walnuts and grapes
Shrubs: rosemary, Erica, Banksia, and chamise
Sub-shrubs: such as lavender, Halimium, and sagebrush
Grasses: grassland types, Themeda triandra, bunchgrasses; sedges, and
rushes
Herbs: such as Achillea, Dietes,
Helichrysum
Helichrysum and Penstemon
Much native vegetation in
Mediterranean climate
Mediterranean climate area valleys have been
cleared for agriculture. In places such as the
Sacramento Valley
Sacramento Valley and
Oxnard Plain
Oxnard Plain in California, draining marshes and estuaries combined
with supplemental irrigation has led to a century of intensive
agriculture. Much of the
Overberg
Overberg in the southern Cape of South
Africa, once covered with renosterveld, has likewise been largely
converted to agriculture, mainly wheat. In hillside and mountainous
areas, away from urban sprawl, ecosystems and habitats of native
vegetation are more sustained.
The fynbos vegetation in the South-western Cape in
South Africa
South Africa is
famed for its high floral diversity, and includes such plant types as
members of the Restionaceae, Ericas (Heaths) and Proteas.
Representatives of the
Proteaceae
Proteaceae also grow in Australia, such as
Banksias. The palette of
California
California native plants is also renowned for
its species and cultivar diversity.
Hot-summer Mediterranean climate[edit]
Hot-summer mediterranean climate (Csa)
This subtype of the
Mediterranean climate
Mediterranean climate (Csa) is the most common
form of the Mediterranean climate, therefore it is also known as a
“typical Mediterranean climate”. As stated earlier, regions with
this form of a
Mediterranean climate
Mediterranean climate experience average monthly
temperatures in excess of 22.0 °C (71.6 °F) during its
warmest month and an average in the coldest month between 18 and
−3 °C (64 and 27 °F) or, in some applications, between
18 and 0 °C (64 and 32 °F). Also, at least four months
must average above 10 °C (50 °F). Regions with this form
of the
Mediterranean climate
Mediterranean climate typically experience hot, sometimes very
hot and dry summers and mild, wet winters. In a number of instances,
summers here can closely resemble summers seen in arid and semi-arid
climates. However, high temperatures during summers are generally not
quite as high as those in arid or semiarid climates due to the
presence of a large body of water. All areas with this subtype have
wet winters. However, some areas with a hot Mediterranean subtype can
actually experience very chilly winters, with occasional snowfall.
Precipitation is heavier during the colder months. However, there are
a number of clear, sunny days during the wetter months.
Csa climates are mainly found around the Mediterranean Sea,
southwestern Australia, southwestern South Africa, sections of Central
Asia, northern sections of
Iran
Iran and Iraq, the interior of northern
California
California west of the Sierra Nevada, and inland areas of southern
Oregon
Oregon west of the Cascade Mountains. Southern California's coasts
also experience hot summers due to the shielding effect of the Channel
Islands. However, unshielded areas of that coastline can have
warm-summer Mediterranean climates with hot-summer areas just a few
miles inland.
Valencia
Climate
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
37 17 7
36 17 8
33 19 10
38 21 12
39 23 15
22 27 19
8 30 22
20 30 22
70 28 19
77 24 15
47 20 11
48 17 8
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[11][12]
Imperial conversion
J F M A M J J A S O N D
1.5 63 45
1.4 63 46
1.3 66 50
1.5 70 54
1.5 73 59
0.9 81 66
0.3 86 72
0.8 86 72
2.8 82 66
3 75 59
1.9 68 52
1.9 63 46
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Los Angeles
Climate
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
79 20 9
97 20 10
62 21 11
23 23 12
6.6 24 14
2.3 26 16
0.3 28 18
1 29 18
6.1 28 17
17 26 15
26 23 11
59 20 9
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: NOAA [1]
Imperial conversion
J F M A M J J A S O N D
3.1 68 48
3.8 69 49
2.4 70 51
0.9 73 53
0.3 74 57
0.1 78 60
0 83 64
0 84 64
0.2 83 63
0.7 78 59
1 73 52
2.3 68 47
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Perth
Climate
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
9.5 31 18
13 31 18
19 30 16
44 26 14
118 22 11
177 19 9
170 18 8
134 19 8
81 20 10
52 23 11
22 26 14
13 29 16
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: BoM[13]
Imperial conversion
J F M A M J J A S O N D
0.4 87 64
0.5 88 64
0.8 85 62
1.7 78 56
4.6 72 51
7 67 47
6.7 65 46
5.3 66 46
3.2 68 49
2.1 73 52
0.9 79 57
0.5 84 61
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Warm-summer Mediterranean climate[edit]
Warm-summer mediterranean climate (Csb)
Occasionally also termed “Cool-summer Mediterranean climate”, this
subtype of the
Mediterranean climate
Mediterranean climate (Csb) is the less common form of
the Mediterranean climate. Cool ocean current and upwelling are often
the reason for this cooler type of Mediterranean climate. As stated
earlier, regions with this subtype of the Mediterranean climate
experience warm (but not hot) and dry summers, with no average monthly
temperatures above 22 °C (72 °F) during its warmest month
and an average in the coldest month between 18 and −3 °C (64
and 27 °F) or, in some applications, between 18 and 0 °C
(64 and 32 °F). Also, at least four months must average above
10 °C (50 °F). Winters are rainy and can be mild to
chilly. In a few instances, snow can fall on these areas.
Precipitation occurs in the colder seasons, but there are a number of
clear sunny days even during the wetter seasons.
Csb climates are found in northwestern Iberia, namely Galicia and
Portugal, California, western Washington and Oregon, Canada's
Vancouver Island, central Chile, parts of southern Australia, sections
of southwestern
South Africa
South Africa and sections of the Atlantic coast of
Morocco.
Porto
Climate
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
158 14 5
140 15 6
90 17 7
116 18 9
98 20 11
46 23 14
18 25 16
27 25 15
71 24 15
138 20 12
158 17 8
195 15 7
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: Instituto de Meteorologia[14]
Imperial conversion
J F M A M J J A S O N D
6.2 56 41
5.5 59 43
3.5 62 45
4.6 64 47
3.8 67 52
1.8 73 57
0.7 77 60
1.1 77 59
2.8 75 59
5.4 69 53
6.2 62 47
7.7 58 44
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
San Francisco
Climate
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
120 15 8
105 16 9
86 17 10
32 18 10
14 19 11
3.3 20 12
1 20 12
2.3 21 13
7.1 22 13
30 21 13
84 18 10
81 15 8
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: NOAA[15]
Imperial conversion
J F M A M J J A S O N D
4.7 58 46
4.1 61 49
3.4 62 49
1.3 65 50
0.5 65 51
0.1 68 53
0 68 54
0.1 69 56
0.3 71 56
1.2 70 55
3.3 64 51
3.2 59 47
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Cape Town
Climate
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
15 26 16
17 27 16
20 25 14
41 23 12
69 20 9
93 18 8
82 18 7
77 18 8
40 19 9
30 21 11
14 24 13
17 25 15
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: WMO[16]
Imperial conversion
J F M A M J J A S O N D
0.6 79 60
0.7 80 60
0.8 78 58
1.6 73 53
2.7 69 49
3.7 65 46
3.2 64 45
3 64 46
1.6 67 48
1.2 70 51
0.6 74 56
0.7 77 59
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Cold-summer Mediterranean climate[edit]
Distribution of the relatively rare cold-summer Mediterranean climate
(Köppen type Csc) in Washington,
Oregon
Oregon and California.
The cold-summer subtype of the
Mediterranean climate
Mediterranean climate (Csc) is rare and
predominately found at scattered high-altitude locations along the
west coasts of North and South America. This type is characterized by
cool summers, with fewer than four months with a mean temperature at
or above 10 °C (50 °F), as well as with mild winters, with
no winter month having a mean temperature below 0 °C
(32 °F) (or −3 °C [27 °F]), depending on the
isotherm used). Regions with this climate are influenced by the
dry-summer trend that extends considerably poleward along the west
coast of the Americas, as well as the moderating influences of high
altitude and relative proximity to the Pacific Ocean.
In North America, areas with Csc climate can be found in the Olympic,
Cascade, Klamath, and Sierra Nevada ranges in Washington,
Oregon
Oregon and
California. These locations are found at high altitude nearby lower
altitude regions characterized by a warm-summer Mediterranean climate
(Csb) or hot-summer
Mediterranean climate
Mediterranean climate (Csa). A rare instance of
this climate occurs in the tropics, on
Haleakalā
Haleakalā Summit in Hawaii.
In South America, Csc regions can be found along the
Andes
Andes in Chile
and Argentina. The town of Balmaceda is one of the few towns confirmed
to have this climate.
Small areas with a Csc climate can also be found at high elevations in
Corsica.
Balmaceda, Chile
Climate
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
28 18 7
20 18 6
38 16 5
54 12 3
93 8 1
85 4 −2
84 4 −3
72 6 −1
49 9 0
30 13 2
28 15 4
32 16 6
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: DMC[17]infochile[18]
Imperial conversion
J F M A M J J A S O N D
1.1 64 44
0.8 64 43
1.5 60 40
2.1 53 37
3.6 46 33
3.4 40 28
3.3 38 27
2.8 43 30
1.9 49 32
1.2 55 36
1.1 58 40
1.2 62 42
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Haleakala Summit, Hawaii
Climate
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
203 7 1
91 10 2
78 11 3
102 11 3
34 13 4
9.4 15 6
12 14 5
28 15 6
40 14 6
34 14 5
104 10 3
119 6 0
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: The Western Regional
Climate
Climate Center[19]
Imperial conversion
J F M A M J J A S O N D
8 45 34
3.6 50 36
3.1 51 37
4 52 37
1.4 55 39
0.4 58 42
0.5 58 42
1.1 58 42
1.6 58 42
1.3 57 41
4.1 51 38
4.7 43 32
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
References[edit]
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Soils. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 35.
ISBN 0-8061-2309-5.
^ Kottek, Markus; Grieser, Jürgen; Beck, Christoph; Rudolf, Bruno;
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^ Filipe, A.F.; J.E. Lawrence; N. Bonada (November 2013).
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Perth
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^ "Climatography of the
United States
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External links[edit]
Media related to
Mediterranean climate
Mediterranean climate at Wikimedia Commons
Explanation of Mediterranean
Climate
Climate (University of Wisconsin)
v t e
Climate
Climate types under the Köppen climate classification
Class A
Tropical rainforest (Af) Tropical monsoon (Am) Tropical savanna (Aw, As)
Class B
Desert
Desert (BWh, BWk, BWn)
Semi-arid (BSh, BSk, BSn)
Class C
Humid subtropical (Cfa, Cwa) Oceanic (Cfb, Cwb, Cfc, Cwc) Mediterranean (Csa, Csb, Csc)
Class D
Humid continental (Dfa, Dwa, Dfb, Dwb, Dsa, Dsb) Subarctic (Dfc, Dwc, Dfd, Dwd, Dsc, Dsd)
Class E
Tundra
Tundra (ET)
Ice cap (EF)
Alpine (ET, EF)
v t e
Earth
Continents
Africa Antarctica Asia Australia Europe North America South America
Oceans
Arctic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Pacific Ocean Southern Ocean
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Environment
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