Madrid (/məˈdrɪd/, Spanish: [maˈðɾið], locally [maˈðɾi(θ)]) is the capital of Spain
Spain and the largest municipality in both the Community of Madrid
Community of Madrid and Spain
Spain as a whole. The city has almost 3.166 million[4] inhabitants with a metropolitan area population of approximately 6.5 million. It is the third-largest city in the European Union
European Union (EU) after London
London and Berlin, and its monocentric metropolitan area is the third-largest in the EU after those of London
London and Paris.[5][6][7][8] The municipality itself covers an area of 604.3 km2 (233.3 sq mi).[9] Madrid
Madrid lies on the River Manzanares
River Manzanares in the centre of both the country and the Community of Madrid
Community of Madrid (which comprises the city of Madrid, its conurbation and extended suburbs and villages); this community is bordered by the autonomous communities of Castile and León
Castile and León and Castile-La Mancha. As the capital city of Spain, seat of government, and residence of the Spanish monarch, Madrid
Madrid is also the political, economic and cultural centre of the country.[10] The current mayor is Manuela Carmena
.jpg/440px-Manuela_Carmena_Ahora_Madrid_2015_-_20_(cropped).jpg)
Manuela Carmena from the party Ahora Madrid. The Madrid
Madrid urban agglomeration has the third-largest GDP[11] in the European Union
European Union and its influences in politics, education, entertainment, environment, media, fashion, science, culture, and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the world's major global cities.[12][13] Madrid
Madrid is home to two world-famous football clubs, Real Madrid
Real Madrid and Atlético de Madrid. Due to its economic output, high standard of living, and market size, Madrid
Madrid is considered the major financial centre of Southern Europe[14][15] and the Iberian Peninsula; it hosts the head offices of the vast majority of major Spanish companies, such as Telefónica, IAG or Repsol. Madrid
Madrid is the 17th most liveable city in the world according to Monocle magazine, in its 2014 index.[16][17] Madrid
Madrid houses the headquarters of the World Tourism
Tourism Organization (UNWTO), belonging to the United Nations Organization
United Nations Organization (UN), the Ibero-American General Secretariat (SEGIB), the Organization of Ibero-American States (OEI), and the Public Interest Oversight Board (PIOB). It also hosts major international regulators and promoters of the Spanish language: the Standing Committee of the Association of Spanish Language Academies, headquarters of the Royal Spanish Academy (RAE), the Cervantes Institute
Cervantes Institute and the Foundation of Urgent Spanish (Fundéu BBVA). Madrid
Madrid organises fairs such as FITUR,[18] ARCO,[19] SIMO TCI[20] and the Cibeles Madrid
Madrid Fashion
Fashion Week.[21] While Madrid
Madrid possesses modern infrastructure, it has preserved the look and feel of many of its historic neighbourhoods and streets. Its landmarks include the Royal Palace
Royal Palace of Madrid; the Royal Theatre with its restored 1850 Opera House; the Buen Retiro Park, founded in 1631; the 19th-century National Library building (founded in 1712) containing some of Spain's historical archives; a large number of national museums,[22] and the Golden Triangle of Art, located along the Paseo del Prado
_02.jpg/500px-Paseo_del_Prado_(Madrid)_02.jpg)
Paseo del Prado and comprising three art museums: Prado Museum, the Reina Sofía Museum, a museum of modern art, and the Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum, which completes the shortcomings of the other two museums.[23] Cibeles Palace and Fountain have become one of the monument symbols of the city.[24][25] Madrid
Madrid is the most visited city of Spain.[26]
Contents
1 Etymology 2 History
2.1 Middle Ages 2.2 Modern Age 2.3 From the 19th century to present day
3 Geography
3.1 Climate 3.2 Water supply
4 Demographics
4.1 Immigration 4.2 Religion
5 Government
5.1 Districts
6 Metropolitan area 7 Cityscape
7.1 Architecture 7.2 Urban sculpture 7.3 Environment
8 Economy
8.1 Economic history 8.2 Present-day economy
8.2.1 Standard of living 8.2.2 Employment 8.2.3 Services 8.2.4 Industry 8.2.5 Construction 8.2.6 International rankings
9 Art and culture
9.1 Museums and art centres 9.2 Landmarks 9.3 Churches 9.4 Literature 9.5 Nightlife 9.6 Bohemian culture 9.7 Classical music and opera 9.8 Local festivities 9.9 Bullfighting 9.10 LGBTQ culture
10 Sport
10.1 Sports clubs 10.2 Football 10.3 Basketball 10.4 Annual international events
11 Education
11.1 Universities
11.2
Business
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Business schools
12 Transport
12.1 Roads 12.2 Local transport 12.3 Long-distance transport
13 International relations
13.1 Twin towns and sister cities 13.2 Union of Ibero-American Capital Cities 13.3 Other partnerships
14 Notable people 15 Historic buildings 16 Honours 17 See also 18 References 19 External links
Etymology[edit]
مجريط Majrīṭ (AFI [madʒriːtˁ]) Is the first documented
reference to the city. It is recorded in
Andalusian Arabic
Andalusian Arabic during the
al-Andalus. The name Magerit ([madʒeˈɾit]) was retained in Medieval
Spanish. The most ancient recorded name of the city "Magerit" (for
*Materit or *Mageterit?) comes from the name of a fortress built on
the
Manzanares River
Manzanares River in the 9th century AD, and means "Place of
abundant water" in Arabic.[27] A wider number of theories have been
formulated on possible earlier origins.
According to legend,
Madrid
Madrid was founded by Ocno Bianor (son of King
Tyrrhenius of Tuscany and Mantua) and was named "Metragirta" or
"
Mantua
Mantua Carpetana". Others contend that the original name of the city
was "Ursaria" ("land of bears" in Latin), because of the many bears
that were to be found in the nearby forests, which, together with the
strawberry tree (Spanish madroño), have been the emblem of the city
since the Middle Ages.[28]
Nevertheless, it is also speculated that the origin of the current
name of the city comes from the 2nd century BC. The Roman Empire
established a settlement on the banks of the Manzanares river. The
name of this first village was "Matrice" (a reference to the river
that crossed the settlement). Following the invasions carried out by
the Germanic Sueves and Vandals, as well as the Sarmatic
Alans
Alans during
the 5th century AD, the
Roman Empire
Roman Empire no longer had the military
presence required to defend its territories on the Iberian Peninsula,
and as a consequence, these territories were soon occupied by the
Vandals, who were in turn dispelled by the Visigoths, who then ruled
Hispania
Hispania in the name of the Roman emperor, also taking control of
"Matrice". In the 8th century, the Islamic conquest of the Iberian
Peninsula saw the name changed to "Mayrit", from the Arabic term
ميرا Mayra[citation needed] (referencing water as a 'tree' or
'giver of life') and the Ibero-Roman suffix it that means 'place'. The
modern "Madrid" evolved from the Mozarabic "Matrit", which is still in
the Madrilenian gentilic.[29]
History[edit]
Main articles:
History of Madrid
History of Madrid and Timeline of Madrid
Middle Ages[edit]
Although the site of modern-day
Madrid
Madrid has been occupied since
prehistoric times,[30][31][32] and there are archaeological remains of
Carpetani
Carpetani settlement,[30] Roman villas,[33] a
Visigoth
Visigoth basilica near
the church of Santa María de la Almudena[28][34] and three Visigoth
necropoleis near Casa de Campo, Tetúan and Vicálvaro,[35] the first
historical document about the existence of an established settlement
in
Madrid
Madrid dates from the Muslim age. At the second half of the 9th
century,[36] Emir
Muhammad I of Córdoba
Muhammad I of Córdoba built a fortress on a
headland near the river Manzanares,[37] as one of the many fortresses
he ordered to be built on the border between
Al-Andalus
Al-Andalus and the
kingdoms of León and Castile, with the objective of protecting Toledo
from the Christian invasions and also as a starting point for Muslim
offensives. After the disintegration of the Caliphate of Córdoba,
Madrid
Madrid was integrated in the Taifa of Toledo.
With the surrender of Toledo to Alfonso VI of León and Castile, the
city was conquered by Christians in 1085, and it was integrated into
the kingdom of Castile as a property of the Crown.[38] Christians
replaced Muslims in the occupation of the centre of the city, while
Muslims and Jews settled in the suburbs. The city was thriving and was
given the title of Villa, whose administrative district extended from
the
Jarama
Jarama in the east to the river
Guadarrama
Guadarrama in the west. The
government of the town was vested to the neighbouring of
Madrid
Madrid since
1346, when king
Alfonso XI of Castile
Alfonso XI of Castile implements the regiment, for
which only the local oligarchy was taking sides in city decisions.[39]
Since 1188,
Madrid
Madrid won the right to be a city with representation in
the courts of Castile. In 1202, King
Alfonso VIII of Castile
Alfonso VIII of Castile gave
Madrid
Madrid its first charter to regulate the municipal council,[40] which
was expanded in 1222 by Ferdinand III of Castile.
In 1309, the Courts of Castile were joined in
Madrid
Madrid for the first
time under Ferdinand IV of Castile, and later in 1329, 1339, 1391,
1393, 1419 and twice in 1435. Since the unification of the kingdoms of
Spain
Spain under a common Crown, the Courts were convened in
Madrid
Madrid more
often.
Modern Age[edit]
During the revolt of the Comuneros, led by Juan de Padilla, Madrid
joined the revolt against Emperor Charles V of
Germany
Germany and I of Spain,
but after defeat at the Battle of Villalar,
Madrid
Madrid was besieged and
occupied by the royal troops. However, Charles I was generous to the
town and gave it the titles of Coronada (Crowned) and Imperial. When
Francis I of France
Francis I of France was captured at the battle of Pavia, he was
imprisoned in Madrid. And in the village is dated the Treaty of Madrid
of 1526 (later denounced by the French) that resolved their
situation.[41]
Philip II
to collect views of his cities. Is seen in the foreground the banks of
the Manzana, crossed by the predecessors to the
Segovia
Segovia Bridge (in the
first third), and the Toledo Bridge (further south, right), which was
built in a monumental form years later. The most prominent building in
the north (left) is the Alcázar, which was part of the walled circuit
and which would undergo several fires until the fatal one in 1734 that
almost completely destroyed it and was replaced by the current Palacio
Real. The following churches are seen in the village (from left to
right: San Gil, San Juan, Santiago, San Salvador, Iglesia de San
Miguel de los Octoes, San Nicolás, Santa María, San Justo, San
Pedro, Capilla del Obispo, San Andrés and, outside the walls, San
Francisco), that do not yet have even the profile of domes and
chapiters by which they would be characterised in the following
centuries. Outside the walls and on the river, there is a craft
facility dedicated to the treatment of hides: the Pozacho Tanneries.
The recent installation of the court imposed a regalía de aposento
tax on private houses, which produced all kinds of resistance
including, most notably, the construction of Casas a la malicia.[42]]]
Ministry of Agriculture
The number of urban inhabitants grew from 4,060 in the year 1530 to
37,500 in the year 1594. The poor population of the court was composed
of ex-soldiers, foreigners, rogues and Ruanes, dissatisfied with the
lack of food and high prices. In June 1561, when the town had 30,000
inhabitants, Philip II of
Spain
Spain moved his court from
Valladolid
Valladolid to
Madrid, installing it in the old castle.[43] Thanks to this, the city
of
Madrid
Madrid became the political centre of the monarchy, being the
capital of
Spain
Spain except for a short period between 1601 and 1606
(Philip III of Spain's government), in which the Court returned to
Valladolid. This fact was decisive for the evolution of the city and
influenced its fate.
Madrid
Madrid in the XVI-XVII Centuries
During the reign of Philip III and Philip IV of Spain,
Madrid
Madrid saw a
period of exceptional cultural brilliance, with the presence of
geniuses such as Miguel de Cervantes, Diego Velázquez, Francisco de
Quevedo and Lope de Vega.[44]
Puerta de Alcalá
The death of Charles II of
Spain
Spain resulted in the War of the Spanish
succession. The city supported the claim of Philip of Anjou as Philip
V. While the city was occupied in 1706 by a Portuguese army, who
proclaimed king the Archduke Charles of
Austria
Austria under the name of
Charles III, and again in 1710, remained loyal to Philip V.
Philip V built the Royal Palace, the
Royal Tapestry Factory
_01.jpg/500px-Real_Fábrica_de_Tapices_(Madrid)_01.jpg)
Royal Tapestry Factory and the
main Royal Academies.[45] But the most important Bourbon was King
Charles III of Spain, who was known as "the best mayor of Madrid".
Charles III took upon himself the feat of transforming
Madrid
Madrid into a
capital worthy of this category. He ordered the construction of
sewers, street lighting, cemeteries outside the city, and many
monuments (Puerta de Alcalá, Cibeles Fountain), and cultural
institutions (El Prado Museum, Royal Botanic Gardens, Royal
Observatory, etc.). Despite being known as one of the greatest
benefactors of Madrid, his beginnings were not entirely peaceful, as
in 1766 he had to overcome the Esquilache Riots, a traditionalist
revolt instigated by the nobility and clergy against his reformist
intentions, demanding the repeal of the clothing decree ordering the
shortening of the layers and the prohibition of the use of hats that
hide the face, with the aim of reducing crime in the city.[46] The
reign of Charles IV of
Spain
Spain is not very meaningful to Madrid, except
for the presence of
Goya
Goya in the Court, who portrayed the popular and
courtly life of the city.
From the 19th century to present day[edit]
Alcalá street
On 27 October 1807, Charles IV and
Napoleon I
Napoleon I signed the Treaty of
Fontainebleau, which allowed the passage of French troops through
Spanish territory to join the Spanish troops and invade Portugal,
which had refused to obey the order of international blockade against
England. As this was happening, there was the
Mutiny of Aranjuez (17
March 1808), by which the crown prince, Ferdinand VII, replaced his
father as king. However, when
Ferdinand VII
_-_Prado.jpg/484px-Francisco_Goya_-_Portrait_of_Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain_in_his_robes_of_state_(1815)_-_Prado.jpg)
Ferdinand VII returned to Madrid, the
city was already occupied by Joachim-Napoléon Murat, so that both the
king and his father were virtually prisoners of the French army.
Napoleon, taking advantage of the weakness of the Spanish Bourbons,
forced both, first the father then the son, to join him in Bayonne,
where Ferdinand arrived on 20 April.
In the absence of the two kings, the situation became more and more
tense in the capital. On 2 May, a crowd began to gather at the Royal
Palace. The crowd saw the French soldiers pulled out of the palace to
the royal family members who were still in the palace. Immediately,
the crowd launched an assault on the floats. The fight lasted hours
and spread throughout Madrid. Subsequent repression was brutal. In the
Paseo del Prado
Paseo del Prado and in the fields of
La Moncloa
La Moncloa hundreds of patriots
were shot due to Murat's order against "Spanish all carrying arms".
Paintings such as
The Third of May 1808
The Third of May 1808 by
Goya
Goya reflect the repression
that ended the popular uprising on 2 May.[47]
The
Peninsular War
Peninsular War against Napoleon, despite the last absolutist
claims during the reign of Ferdinand VII, gave birth to a new country
with a liberal and bourgeois character, open to influences coming from
the rest of Europe. Madrid, the capital of Spain, experienced like no
other city the changes caused by this opening and filled with
theatres, cafés and newspapers.
Madrid
Madrid was frequently altered by
revolutionary outbreaks and pronouncements, such as
Vicálvaro
Vicálvaro 1854,
led by General Leopoldo O'Donnell and initiating the progressive
biennium. However, in the early 20th century
Madrid
Madrid looked more like a
small town than a modern city. During the first third of the 20th
century the population nearly doubled, reaching more than 850,000
inhabitants. New suburbs such as Las Ventas, Tetuán and El Carmen
became the homes of the influx of workers, while
Ensanche
Ensanche became a
middle-class neighbourhood of Madrid.[48]
Cuatro Torres
Business
Business Area
People seek refuge in the metro during the Francoist bombings over Madrid. Year 1937. Spanish Civil War
Skyline
The
Spanish Constitution of 1931
Spanish Constitution of 1931 was the first legislated on the state
capital, setting it explicitly in Madrid.
Madrid
Madrid was one of the most heavily affected cities of
Spain
Spain in the
Civil War (1936–1939). The city was a stronghold of the Republicans
from July 1936. Its western suburbs were the scene of an all-out
battle in November 1936 and during the Civil War the city was also
bombed by aeroplanes. (See
Siege of Madrid
Siege of Madrid (1936–39)).[49]
During the economic boom in
Spain
Spain from 1959 to 1973, the city
experienced unprecedented, extraordinary development in terms of
population and wealth, becoming the largest
GDP
GDP city in Spain, and
ranking third in Western Europe. The municipality was extended,
annexing neighbouring council districts, to achieve the present
extension of 607 km2 (234.36 sq mi). The south of
Madrid
Madrid became very industrialised, and there were massive migrations
from rural areas of
Spain
Spain into the city. Madrid's newly built
north-western districts became the home of the new thriving middle
class that appeared as result of the 1960s Spanish economic boom,
while the south-eastern periphery became an extensive working-class
settlement, which was the base for an active cultural and political
reform.[49]
After the death of Franco and the start of the democratic regime, the
1978 constitution confirmed
Madrid
Madrid as the capital of Spain. In 1979,
the first municipal elections brought Madrid's first democratically
elected mayor since the Second Republic.
Madrid
Madrid was the scene of some
of the most important events of the time, such as the mass
demonstrations of support for democracy after the failed coup, 23-F,
on 23 February 1981. The first democratic mayors belonged to the
leftist parties (Enrique Tierno Galván, Juan Barranco Gallardo),
turning the city after more conservative positions (Agustín
Rodríguez Sahagún, José María Álvarez del Manzano, Alberto
Ruiz-Gallardón and Ana Botella). Benefiting from increasing
prosperity in the 1980s and 1990s, the capital city of
Spain
Spain has
consolidated its position as an important economic, cultural,
industrial, educational, and technological centre on the European
continent.[49]
Madrid
Madrid seen from Buenavista Hill
Geography[edit]
Madrid
Madrid lies on the southern Meseta Central, 60 km south of the
Guadarrama
Guadarrama mountains and straddling the
Jarama
Jarama and Manzanares river
basins. There is a considerable difference in altitude within city
limits ranging from 543 m (1,781 ft) to 846 m
(2,776 ft) above sea level. Over a quarter of the Madrid
municipal area is covered by the largely forested protected area of El
Pardo.
Climate[edit]
Main article: Climate of Madrid
Madrid
Madrid has an inland
Mediterranean climate
Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csa)[50] which
transitions to a semi-arid climate (BSk) in the eastern side of the
city.[51] Winters are cool due to its altitude, which is approximately
667 m (2,188 ft) above sea level, including sporadic
snowfalls and frequent frosts in December and January. Summers are
hot, in the warmest month – July -average temperatures during the
day ranging from 32 to 33 °C (90 to 91 °F) depending on
location, with maximums commonly climbing over 35 °C
(95 °F) during frequent heat waves. Due to Madrid's altitude and
dry climate, diurnal ranges are often significant during the summer.
The highest recorded temperature was on 24 July 1995, at 42.2 °C
(108.0 °F), and the lowest recorded temperature was on 16
January 1945 at −10.1 °C (13.8 °F). These records were
registered at the airport, in the eastern side of the city.[52]
Precipitation
Precipitation is concentrated in the autumn and spring, and, together
with
Athens
Athens which has similar annual precipitation, is the driest
capital in Europe. It is particularly sparse during the summer, taking
the form of about two showers and/or thunderstorms during the season.
Climate data for
Madrid
Madrid (667 m),
Buen Retiro Park
Buen Retiro Park in the city
centre (1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 23.1 (73.6) 25.3 (77.5) 30.2 (86.4) 33.5 (92.3) 38.6 (101.5) 43.1 (109.6) 44.3 (111.7) 44.7 (112.5) 42.2 (108) 36 (97) 28.9 (84) 24.2 (75.6) 44.7 (112.5)
Average high °C (°F) 9.8 (49.6) 12.0 (53.6) 16.3 (61.3) 18.2 (64.8) 22.2 (72) 28.2 (82.8) 32.1 (89.8) 31.3 (88.3) 26.4 (79.5) 19.4 (66.9) 13.5 (56.3) 10.0 (50) 19.9 (67.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) 6.3 (43.3) 7.9 (46.2) 11.2 (52.2) 12.9 (55.2) 16.7 (62.1) 22.2 (72) 25.6 (78.1) 25.1 (77.2) 20.9 (69.6) 15.1 (59.2) 9.9 (49.8) 6.9 (44.4) 15.0 (59)
Average low °C (°F) 2.7 (36.9) 3.7 (38.7) 6.2 (43.2) 7.7 (45.9) 11.3 (52.3) 16.1 (61) 19.0 (66.2) 18.8 (65.8) 15.4 (59.7) 10.7 (51.3) 6.3 (43.3) 3.6 (38.5) 10.1 (50.2)
Record low °C (°F) −7.8 (18) −7.5 (18.5) −4.5 (23.9) −1.5 (29.3) 3.3 (37.9) 7 (45) 9.8 (49.6) 8.6 (47.5) 4.1 (39.4) 0.3 (32.5) −3.8 (25.2) −6.5 (20.3) −7.8 (18)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 33 (1.3) 35 (1.38) 25 (0.98) 45 (1.77) 51 (2.01) 21 (0.83) 12 (0.47) 10 (0.39) 22 (0.87) 60 (2.36) 58 (2.28) 51 (2.01) 421 (16.57)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 6 5 4 7 7 3 2 2 3 7 7 7 59
Mean monthly sunshine hours 149 158 211 230 268 315 355 332 259 199 144 124 2,744
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[53][54][55][56]
Climate data for
Madrid-Barajas Airport
Madrid-Barajas Airport (609 m), in north east
Madrid
Madrid (1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 10.7 (51.3) 13.0 (55.4) 17.0 (62.6) 18.7 (65.7) 23.1 (73.6) 29.5 (85.1) 33.5 (92.3) 32.8 (91) 27.9 (82.2) 21.0 (69.8) 14.8 (58.6) 10.9 (51.6) 21.1 (70)
Daily mean °C (°F) 5.5 (41.9) 7.1 (44.8) 10.2 (50.4) 12.2 (54) 16.2 (61.2) 21.7 (71.1) 25.2 (77.4) 24.7 (76.5) 20.5 (68.9) 14.8 (58.6) 9.4 (48.9) 6.2 (43.2) 14.5 (58.1)
Average low °C (°F) 0.2 (32.4) 1.2 (34.2) 3.5 (38.3) 5.7 (42.3) 9.3 (48.7) 13.9 (57) 16.8 (62.2) 16.5 (61.7) 13.1 (55.6) 8.7 (47.7) 4.1 (39.4) 1.4 (34.5) 7.9 (46.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 29 (1.14) 32 (1.26) 22 (0.87) 38 (1.5) 44 (1.73) 22 (0.87) 9 (0.35) 10 (0.39) 24 (0.94) 51 (2.01) 49 (1.93) 42 (1.65) 371 (14.61)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 5 5 4 6 7 4 2 2 3 7 6 6 55
Mean monthly sunshine hours 144 168 224 226 258 310 354 329 258 199 151 128 2,749
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[53]
Climate data for Madrid-
Cuatro Vientos
Cuatro Vientos Airport, 8 km
(4.97 mi) from the city centre (altitude: 690 metres (2,260
feet), satellite view) (1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 10.4 (50.7) 12.5 (54.5) 16.5 (61.7) 18.3 (64.9) 22.6 (72.7) 28.9 (84) 32.8 (91) 32.2 (90) 27.3 (81.1) 20.4 (68.7) 14.3 (57.7) 10.7 (51.3) 20.6 (69.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 6.0 (42.8) 7.6 (45.7) 10.8 (51.4) 12.6 (54.7) 16.5 (61.7) 22.2 (72) 25.6 (78.1) 25.1 (77.2) 21.0 (69.8) 15.2 (59.4) 9.8 (49.6) 6.7 (44.1) 14.9 (58.8)
Average low °C (°F) 1.6 (34.9) 2.7 (36.9) 5.1 (41.2) 6.8 (44.2) 10.4 (50.7) 15.4 (59.7) 18.3 (64.9) 18.1 (64.6) 14.6 (58.3) 9.9 (49.8) 5.4 (41.7) 2.7 (36.9) 9.3 (48.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 34 (1.34) 35 (1.38) 25 (0.98) 43 (1.69) 50 (1.97) 25 (0.98) 12 (0.47) 11 (0.43) 24 (0.94) 60 (2.36) 57 (2.24) 53 (2.09) 428 (16.85)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 6 5 4 7 7 3 2 1 3 7 7 7 59
Mean monthly sunshine hours 158 173 221 238 280 316 364 335 250 203 161 135 2,840
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[57]
Water supply[edit]
Madrid
Madrid derives almost 73.5 percent of its water supply from dams and
reservoirs built on the
Lozoya
_mapa.svg/600px-Lozoya_(Madrid)_mapa.svg.png)
Lozoya River, such as the
El Atazar
_mapa.svg/600px-El_Atazar_(Madrid)_mapa.svg.png)
El Atazar Dam, which
was built in 1972 and inaugurated by Francisco Franco.[58] This water
supply is managed by Canal de Isabel II, a public entity created in
1851. It is responsible for the supply, depurating waste water and the
conservation of all the Comunidad de
Madrid
Madrid region natural water
resources.
Demographics[edit]
Historical population
Year Pop. ±%
1897 510,616 —
1900 540,109 +5.8%
1910 556,958 +3.1%
1920 728,937 +30.9%
1930 863,958 +18.5%
1940 1,096,466 +26.9%
1950 1,527,894 +39.3%
1960 2,177,123 +42.5%
1970 3,120,941 +43.4%
1980 3,158,818 +1.2%
1991 2,909,792 −7.9%
2001 2,938,723 +1.0%
2011 3,198,645 +8.8%
2014 3,165,235 −1.0%
2015 3,141,991 −0.7%
Source: Alterations to the municipalities in the Population Censuses since 1842, Instituto Nacional de Estadistica
Largest groups of foreign residents[citation needed]
Nationality Population (2015)
Romania 46,410
China 32,174
Ecuador 29,867
Morocco 21,137
Bolivia 19,654
Dominican Republic 18,606
Colombia 17,617
Paraguay 16,802
Peru 16,523
Italy 14,134
Philippines 10,522
Uruguay 9,534
Bulgaria 8,420
Greece 5,658
Turkey 3,393
The population of
Madrid
Madrid has overall increased since the city became
the capital of
Spain
Spain in the mid-16th century, and has stabilised at
approximately 3 million since the 1970s.
From 1970 until the mid-1990s, the population dropped. This
phenomenon, which also affected other European cities, was caused in
part by the growth of satellite suburbs at the expense of the downtown
region within the city proper. This also occurred during a period of
slowed growth in the European economy.
The demographic boom accelerated in the late 1990s and early first
decade of the 21st century due to immigration in parallel with a surge
in Spanish economic growth. According to census data, the population
of the city grew by 271,856 between 2001 and 2005.
Immigration[edit]
As the capital city of Spain, the city has attracted many immigrants
from around the world. In 2015, about 89.8% of the inhabitants were
Spanish, while people of other origins, including immigrants from
Latin
Latin America, Europe, Asia, North Africa and West Africa, represented
11.2% of the population.
The ten largest immigrant groups include: Ecuadorian: 104,184,
Romanian: 52,875, Bolivian: 44,044, Colombian: 35,971, Peruvian:
35,083, Chinese: 34,666, Moroccan: 32,498, Dominican: 19,602,
Brazilian: 14,583, and Paraguayan: 14,308.[59] There were 2,476
Japanese citizens registered with the Japanese embassy in
Madrid
Madrid in
1993.[60] There are also important communities of Filipinos,
Equatorial Guineans, Uruguayans, Bulgarians, Greeks, Indians,
Italians, Argentines, Senegalese and Poles.[59]
Districts that host the largest number of immigrants are Usera
(28.37%), Centro (16.87%),
Carabanchel
Carabanchel (22.72%) and Tetuán (21.54%).
Districts that host the smallest number are Fuencarral-El Pardo
(9.27%), Retiro (9.64%) and Chamartín (11.74%).[citation needed] Many
members of Madrid's Japanese community, particularly those with
children, live in Majadahonda, Mirasierra, The Vaguada, and other
areas in northwest Madrid, in proximity to the Japanese international
school. Central
Madrid
Madrid attracted many Japanese company employees
without children due to its proximity to places of employment.[60]
Religion[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2017)
Most people in
Madrid
Madrid are Roman Catholic. It is the seat of the Roman
Catholic
Catholic Archdiocese of Madrid. In a 2011 survey conducted by
InfoCatólica, 63.3% of
Madrid
Madrid residents of all ages identified
themselves as Catholic.[61]
Government[edit]
See also: List of mayors of Madrid
Cybele
Cybele Palace: City Hall of
Madrid
Madrid and iconic monument of the city
The City Council consists of 57 members, one of them being the mayor.
The mayor presides over the RKO.
The Plenary of the Council is the body of political representation of
the citizens in the municipal government. Some of its attributions
are: fiscal matters, the election and deposition of the mayor, the
approval and modification of decrees and regulations, the approval of
budgets, the agreements related to the limits and alteration of the
municipal term, the services management, the participation in
supramunicipal organisations, etc.[62] Nowadays, mayoral team consists
of the mayor, the deputy mayor and 8 delegates; all of them form The
Board of Delegates (the Municipal Executive Committee).[63]
Madrid
Madrid has tended to be a stronghold of the People's Party (PP,
right-wing political party), which has controlled the city's mayoralty
since 1989. In the 2007 regional and local elections, the People's
Party obtained 34 seats, the
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE,
left political party) obtained 18 and United Left (IU, left political
party) obtained 5. In the 2015 elections, however, the PP was the
party with the most votes but failed to gain a majority with Ahora
Madrid
Madrid the runner-up. Manuela Carmena, mayoral candidate for Ahora
Madrid, was proclaimed mayor after a coalition pact between her party
and the PSOE.
Districts[edit]
Main article: Districts of Madrid
Madrid
Madrid is administratively divided into 21 districts, which are
further subdivided into 128 wards (barrios)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Madrid
Madrid districts. The numbers correspond with the list in the left
Centro: Palacio, Embajadores, Cortes, Justicia, Universidad, Sol. Arganzuela: Imperial, Acacias, La Chopera, Legazpi, Delicias, Palos de Moguer, Atocha. Retiro: Pacífico, Adelfas, Estrella, Ibiza, Jerónimos, Niño Jesús. Salamanca: Recoletos, Goya, Fuente del Berro, Guindalera, Lista, Castellana. Chamartín: El Viso, Prosperidad, Ciudad Jardín, Hispanoamérica, Nueva España, Castilla. Tetuán: Bellas Vistas, Cuatro Caminos, Castillejos, Almenara, Valdeacederas, Berruguete. Chamberí: Gaztambide, Arapiles, Trafalgar, Almagro, Vallehermoso, Ríos Rosas. Fuencarral-El Pardo: El Pardo, Fuentelarreina, Peñagrande, Barrio del Pilar, La Paz, Valverde, Mirasierra, El Goloso. Moncloa-Aravaca: Casa de Campo, Argüelles, Ciudad Universitaria, Valdezarza, Valdemarín, El Plantío, Aravaca. Latina: Los Cármenes, Puerta del Ángel, Lucero, Aluche, Las Águilas, Campamento, Cuatro Vientos. Carabanchel: Comillas, Opañel, San Isidro, Vista Alegre, Puerta Bonita, Buenavista, Abrantes. Usera: Orcasitas, Orcasur, San Fermín, Almendrales, Moscardó, Zofío, Pradolongo. Puente de Vallecas: Entrevías, San Diego, Palomeras Bajas, Palomeras Sureste, Portazgo, Numancia. Moratalaz: Pavones, Horcajo, Marroquina, Media Legua, Fontarrón, Vinateros. Ciudad Lineal: Ventas, Pueblo Nuevo, Quintana, La Concepción, San Pascual, San Juan Bautista, Colina, Atalaya, Costillares. Hortaleza: Palomas, Valdefuentes, Canillas, Pinar del Rey, Apóstol Santiago, Piovera. Villaverde: San Andrés, San Cristóbal, Butarque, Los Rosales, Los Ángeles. Villa de Vallecas: Casco Histórico de Vallecas, Santa Eugenia. Vicálvaro: Casco Histórico de Vicálvaro, Ambroz. San Blas: Simancas, Hellín, Amposta, Arcos, Rosas, Rejas, Canillejas, Salvador. Barajas: Alameda de Osuna, Aeropuerto, Casco Histórico de Barajas, Timón, Corralejos.
Metropolitan area[edit]
Main article:
Madrid
Madrid metropolitan area
The
Madrid metropolitan area
Madrid metropolitan area comprises the city of
Madrid
Madrid and forty
surrounding municipalities. It has a population of slightly more than
6.271 million people[64] and covers an area of 4,609.7 square
kilometres (1,780 sq mi). It is the largest metropolitan
area in
Spain
Spain and the third largest in the European Union.[5][6][7][8]
As with many metropolitan areas of similar size, two distinct zones of
urbanisation can be distinguished:
Inner ring (primera corona): Alcorcón, Leganés, Getafe, Móstoles,
Fuenlabrada, Coslada, Alcobendas, Pozuelo de Alarcón, San Fernando de
Henares
Outer ring (segunda corona): Villaviciosa de Odón, Parla, Pinto,
Valdemoro, Rivas-Vaciamadrid, Torrejón de Ardoz, Alcalá de Henares,
San Sebastián
San Sebastián de los Reyes, Tres Cantos, Las Rozas de Madrid,
Majadahonda, Boadilla del Monte
The largest suburbs are to the South, and in general along the main
routes leading out of Madrid.
Submetropolitan areas inside
Madrid
Madrid metropolitan area:
Madrid
Madrid submetropolitan areas
Submetropolitan area Area (km²) Population (pop.) Density (pop./km²)
Madrid
Madrid – Majadahonda
996.1
3,580,828
3,595.0
Móstoles
Móstoles – Alcorcón
315.1
430,349
1,365.6
Fuenlabrada
Fuenlabrada –
Leganés
Leganés –
Getafe
Getafe –
Parla
Parla – Pinto – Valdemoro
931.7
822,806
883.1
Alcobendas 266.4 205,905 772.9
Arganda del Rey
Arganda del Rey – Rivas-Vaciamadrid
343.6
115,344
335.7
Alcalá de Henares
Alcalá de Henares – Torrejón de Ardoz
514.6
360,380
700.3
Colmenar Viejo
Colmenar Viejo – Tres Cantos
419.1
104,650
249.7
Collado Villalba 823.1 222,769 270.6
Madrid
Madrid metropolitan area
4,609.7
5,843,031
1,267.6
Cityscape[edit] Architecture[edit] Main article: Architecture of Madrid
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Very little medieval architecture is preserved in Madrid, mostly in
the Almendra central, including the San Nicolás and San Pedro el
Viejo church towers, the church of St. Jerome, and the Bishop's
Chapel. Nor has
Madrid
Madrid retained much Renaissance architecture, other
than the Bridge of
Segovia
Segovia and the Convent of Las Descalzas Reales.
Canalejas Square
Many of the historic buildings of
Madrid
Madrid date from the Spanish Golden
Age, which coincided with the Habsburgs reign (1516–1700).[citation
needed] Philip II moved his court to
Madrid
Madrid in 1561 and transformed
the town into a capital city.[65] These reforms were embodied in the
Plaza Mayor, characterised by its symmetry and austerity, as well as
the new Alcázar, which would become the second most impressive royal
palace of the kingdom.[citation needed] The material used during the
Habsburg era was mostly brick, and the humble façades contrast with
the elaborate interiors. Notable buildings include the Prison of the
Court, the Palace of the Councils, the Royal Convent of La
Encarnación, and the Buen Retiro Palace. The Imperial College church
model dome was imitated in all of Spain.
Pedro de Ribera
Pedro de Ribera introduced
Churrigueresque
Churrigueresque architecture to Madrid; the Cuartel del Conde-Duque,
the church of Montserrat, and the Bridge of Toledo are among the best
examples.
The reign of the Bourbons during the eighteenth century marked a new
era in the city. Philip V tried to complete King Philip II's vision of
urbanisation of Madrid. Philip V built a palace in line with French
taste, as well as other buildings such as St. Michael's Basilica and
the Church of Santa Bárbara. King Charles III beautified the city and
endeavoured to convert
Madrid
Madrid into one of the great European capitals.
He pushed forward the construction of the
Prado Museum
Prado Museum (originally
intended as a Natural
Science
Science Museum), the Puerta de Alcalá, the
Royal Observatory, the Basilica of San Francisco el Grande, the Casa
de Correos in Puerta del Sol, the Real Casa de la Aduana, and the
General Hospital (which now houses the Reina
Sofia
Sofia
Museum
Museum and Royal
Conservatory of Music). The Paseo del Prado, surrounded by gardens and
decorated with neoclassical statues, is an example of urban planning.
The
Duke of Berwick
.svg/340px-Blason_Jacques_Fitz-James_(1670–1734).svg.png)
Duke of Berwick ordered the construction of the Liria Palace.
The Gran Vía has styles ranging from
Vienna
.jpg/532px-Schloss_Schönbrunn_Wien_2014_(Zuschnitt_1).jpg)
Vienna Secession, Plateresque,
Neo-Mudéjar, and Art Deco.
During the early 19th century, the Peninsular War, the loss of
viceroyalties in the Americas, and continuing coups limited the city's
architectural development (Royal Theatre, the National Library of
Spain, the Palace of the Senate, and the Congress). The Segovia
Viaduct linked the Royal
Alcázar
Alcázar to the southern part of town.
From the mid-19th century until the Civil War,
Madrid
Madrid modernised and
built new neighbourhoods and monuments. The expansion of Madrid
developed under the Plan Castro, resulting in the neighbourhoods of
Salamanca, Argüelles, and Chamberí.
Arturo Soria
Arturo Soria conceived the
linear city and built the first few kilometres of the road that bears
his name, which embodies the idea. The Gran Vía was built using
different styles that evolved over time: French style, eclectic, art
deco, and expressionist.
Antonio Palacios
Antonio Palacios built a series of buildings
inspired by the Viennese Secession, such as the Palace of
Communication, the Fine
Arts
Arts Circle of
Madrid
Madrid (Círculo de Bellas
Artes), and the
Río de La Plata Bank (Instituto Cervantes). Other
notable buildings include the
Bank
Bank of Spain, the neo-Gothic Almudena
Cathedral, Atocha Station, and the Catalan art-nouveau Palace of
Longoria.
Las Ventas
Las Ventas Bullring was built, as the Market of San Miguel
(Cast-Iron style).
Gate of Europe, built during the 1990s.
The Civil War severely damaged the city. Subsequently, the old town
and the
Ensanche
Ensanche were destroyed, and numerous blocks of flats were
built. Examples of post-war architecture include the Spanish Air Force
headquarters and the skyscrapers of Plaza de España, at the time (the
1950s) the highest in Europe.[citation needed]
With the advent of Spanish economic development, skyscrapers, such as
Torre Picasso, Torres Blancas and Torre BBVA, and the Gate of Europe,
appeared in the late 20th century in the city. During the decade of
the 2000s, the four tallest skyscrapers in
Spain
Spain were built[citation
needed] and together form the Cuatro Torres
Business
Business Area. Terminal 4
at
Madrid-Barajas Airport
Madrid-Barajas Airport was inaugurated in 2006 and won several
architectural awards. Terminal 4 is one of the world's largest
terminal areas[66] and features glass panes and domes in the roof,
which allow natural light to pass through.
Urban sculpture[edit]
The streets of
Madrid
Madrid are a veritable museum of outdoor sculpture. The
Museum
Museum of Outdoor Sculpture, located in the Paseo de la Castellana, is
dedicated to abstract works, among which is the Sirena Varada
(Strander Mermaid) by Eduardo Chillida.
Since the 18th century, the
Paseo del Prado
Paseo del Prado has been decorated with an
iconographic program with classical monumental fountains: the Fuente
de la Alcachofa (Fountain of the Artichoke), the Cuatro Fuentes (Four
Fountains), the Fuente de Neptuno (Fountain of Neptune), the Fuente de
Apolo (Fountain of Apollo), and the Fuente de Cibeles (Fountain of
Cybele, also known as Fountain of Cibeles), all designed by Ventura
Rodríguez.
The equestrian sculptures are particularly important, starting
chronologically with two designed in the 17th century: the statue of
Philip III, in the Plaza Mayor by Giambologna, and the statue of
Philip IV, in the
Plaza de Oriente (undoubtedly the most important
statue of Madrid, projected by
Velázquez
Velázquez and built by Pietro Tacca
with scientific advice of Galileo Galilei).
Many areas of the
Buen Retiro Park
Buen Retiro Park (Parque del Retiro) are really
sculptural scenography: among them are The Fallen Angel by Ricardo
Bellver and the Monument to Alfonso XII, designed by José Grases
Riera.
In another vein are the neon advertising signs, some of which have
acquired a historic range and are legally protected, such as Schweppes
in Plaza de Callao or
Tío Pepe
Tío Pepe in the Puerta del Sol, recently
retired from its location for the restoration of the building.
Fountain of Neptune (Ventura Rodríguez)
Fountain of
Cybele
Cybele (Ventura Rodríguez)
Monument to Alfonso XII
Monument to Alfonso XII (José Grasés Riera)
Strander Mermaid (Eduardo Chillida)
Bronze sculptures of
Don Quixote
Don Quixote and
Sancho Panza
_10b.jpg/440px-Monumento_a_Cervantes_(Madrid)_10b.jpg)
Sancho Panza at the Plaza de
España (Madrid)
Philip IV (Pietro Tacca)
Fuente del Ángel Caído
Fuente del Ángel Caído (Ricardo Bellver)
Cervantes
Cervantes Monument at Plaza de España (Madrid)
The Statue of the
Bear
Bear and the Strawberry Tree
Monument to
Christopher Columbus
Christopher Columbus (Arturo Mélida, Jerónimo Suñol)
Environment[edit]
Buen Retiro Park
Madrid
Madrid is the European city with the highest number of trees and green
surface per inhabitant and it has the second highest number of aligned
trees in the world, with 248,000 units, only exceeded by Tokyo.
Madrid's citizens have access to a green area within a 15-minute walk.
Since 1997, green areas have increased by 16%. At present, 8.2% of
Madrid's grounds are green areas, meaning that there are 16 m2
(172 sq ft) of green area per inhabitant, far exceeding the
10 m2 (108 sq ft) per inhabitant recommended by the
World Health Organization.
Buen Retiro Park, gardens
Buen Retiro Park
Buen Retiro Park (Parque del Buen Retiro, or simply Parque del
Retiro), formerly the grounds of the palace built for Philip IV of
Spain, is Madrid's most popular park and the largest park in central
Madrid. Its area is more than 1.4 km2 (0.5 sq mi) (350
acres) and it is located very close to the
Puerta de Alcalá
Puerta de Alcalá and not
far from the Prado Museum. The park is entirely surrounded by the
present-day city. Its lake in the middle once staged mini naval sham
battles to amuse royalty; these days the more tranquil pastime of
pleasure boating is popular. Inspired by London's Crystal Palace, the
Palacio de Cristal can be found at the south-eastern end of the park.
In the
Buen Retiro Park
Buen Retiro Park is also the
Forest of the Departed
Forest of the Departed (Bosque de
los Ausentes), a memorial monument to commemorate the 191 victims of
the 11 March 2004
Madrid
Madrid attacks.
Atocha Railway Station (Estación de Atocha) is the city's first and
most central station, and is also home to a 4,000-square-metre
(43,056-square-foot) indoor garden, with more than 500 species of
plant life and ponds with turtles and goldfish in.
Casa de Campo, lake
Casa de Campo
Casa de Campo is an enormous urban parkland to the west of the city,
the largest in
Spain
Spain and Madrid's main green lung. Its area is more
than 1,700 hectares (6.6 sq mi). It is home to a fairground, the
Madrid
Madrid Zoo, an amusement park, the Parque de Atracciones de Madrid,
and an outdoor municipal pool, to enjoy a bird's eye view of the park
and city take a cable car trip above the tree tops. Casa de Campo's
vegetation is one of its most important features. There are, in fact,
three different ecosystems: oak, pine and river groves. The oak is the
dominant tree species in the area and, although many of them are over
100 years old and reach a great height, they are also present in the
form of chaparral and bushes. The pine-forest ecosystem boasts a large
number of trees that have adapted perfectly to the light, dry
conditions in the park. In addition, mushrooms often emerge after the
first rains of autumn. Finally, the river groves, or riparian forests,
are made up of various, mainly deciduous, species that grow in wetter
areas. Examples include poplars, willows and alder trees. As regards
fauna, this green space is home to approximately 133 vertebrate
species.
The Royal Botanical Garden of
Madrid
Madrid (Real Jardín Botánico de
Madrid) is an 8-hectare botanical garden located in the Plaza de
Murillo, next to the Prado Museum. It was an 18th-century creation by
Carlos III and it was used as a base for the plant species being
collected across the globe. There is an important research facility
that started life as a base to develop herbal remedies and to house
the species collected from the new-world trips, today it is dedicated
to maintaining Europe's ecosystem.
Campo del Moro Gardens
The
Royal Palace
Royal Palace (Palacio Real) is surrounded by three green areas. In
front of the palace, are the gardens of the Plaza de Oriente; to the
north, the gardens of Sabatini and to the west up to the Manzanares
River, the famous Campo del Moro. Campo del Moro gardens has a surface
area of 20 hectares and is a scenic garden with an unusual layout
filled with foliage and an air of English romanticism. The Sabatini
Gardens have a formal Neoclassic style, consisting of well-trimmed
hedges, in symmetric geometrical patterns, adorned with a pool,
statues and fountains, with trees also planted in a symmetrical
geometric shape.
Plaza de Oriente can distinguish three main plots:
the Central Gardens, the Cabo Noval Gardens and the Lepanto Gardens.
The Central Gardens are arranged around the central monument to Philip
IV, in a grid, following the barroque model garden. They consist of
seven flowerbeds, each packed with box hedges, forms of cypress, yew
and magnolia of small size, and flower plantations, temporary. These
are bounded on either side by rows of statues paths, popularly known
as the Gothic kings, and mark the dividing line between the main body
of the plaza and the Cabo Noval Gardens at north, and the Lepanto
Gardens at south.
Mount of El Pardo
Mount of
El Pardo
El Pardo (Monte de El Pardo) is a mediterranean forest inside
the city of Madrid. It is one of the best preserved Mediterranean
Forests in Europe. The
European Union
European Union has designated the Monte de El
Pardo as a
Special Protection Area for bird-life. This meadow, which
has been used as hunting grounds by the royalty given the variety of
game animals that have inhabited it since the Middle Ages, is home to
120 flora species and 200 vertebrae species. Rabbits, red partridges,
wild cats, stags, deer and wild boars live among ilexes, cork oaks,
ash trees, black poplars, oaks, junipers and rockroses. Monte del
Pardo is part of the Regional Park of the High Basin of the
Manzanares, spreading out from the
Guadarrama Mountains
Guadarrama Mountains range to the
centre of Madrid, and protected by strong legal regulations. Just
before crossing the city, the
River Manzanares
River Manzanares forms a valley composed
by sandy elements and detritus from the mountain range.
Mount of
El Pardo
El Pardo and
Soto de Viñuelas
Soto de Viñuelas inside the city of Madrid
Soto de Viñuelas, also known as Mount Viñuelas, is a meadow-oak
forest north of the city of
Madrid
Madrid and east of the Monte de El Pardo.
It is a fenced property of about 3,000 hectares, which includes
important ecological values, landscape and art.
Soto de Viñuelas
Soto de Viñuelas is
part of the Regional Park of the High Basin of the Manzanares, a
nature reserve which is recognised as a biosphere reserve by UNESCO,
where it has been classified as Area B, the legal instrument that
allows agricultural land use.
Soto de Viñuelas
Soto de Viñuelas has also received the
statement of
Special Protection Area for Birds.
Manzanares River
El Capricho is a 14-hectare garden located in the area of Barajas
district. It dates back to 1784. The art of landscaping in El Capricho
is displayed in three different styles of classical gardenscapes: the
"parterre" or French garden, English landscaping and the Italian
giardino.
Madrid
Madrid Río (
Madrid
Madrid River) is a linear park that runs along the bank
of the Manzanares River, in the middle of Madrid. It is an area of
parkland 10 kilometres (6 miles) long and covers 649 hectares in six
districts: Moncloa-Aravaca, Centro, Arganzuela, Latina, Carabanchel
and Usera. It is a large area of environmental, sporting, leisure and
cultural interest.
Madrid
Madrid Río provides a link with other green spaces
in the city such as
Casa de Campo
Casa de Campo and the Linear Park of the
Manzanares River. The main landscaped area in
Madrid
Madrid Río is the
Arganzuela
Arganzuela Park, covering 23 hectares where pedestrian and cycling
routes cover the whole park. The
Madrid
Madrid Río cycling network covers
some 30 km (19 mi) and is linked to other bike routes. To
the north,
Madrid
Madrid Rio connects to the Senda Real, the Green Ring for
Cyclists and the E 7 (GR 10) trail, which goes as far as the Sierra de
Guadarrama
Guadarrama mountain range. To the south,
Madrid
Madrid Río provides access
to the
Enrique Tierno Galván
Enrique Tierno Galván Park and the Linear Park of the
Manzanares River, an extensive green zone running parallel to the
river as far as Getafe. As well as the cycle routes there are
42 km (26 mi) of paths for walkers and runners. In the
Salón de Pinos, a 6-kilometre long tree-lined promenade, there are
circuits for aerobic and anaerobic exercise, while near the Puente de
Praga bridge there is a tennis court and seven tennis courts.
The theme park Faunia is a natural history museum and zoo combined,
aimed at being fun and educational for children. It comprises eight
eco-systems from tropical rain forests to polar regions, and contains
over 1,500 animals, some of which roam freely within.
Economy[edit]
Main article: Economy of Madrid
Plaza Mayor (17th & 18th centuries), original main marketplace of Madrid
Headquarters of the Banco de España, Madrid
After it became the capital of
Spain
Spain in the 16th century,
Madrid
Madrid was
more a centre of consumption than of production or trade. Economic
activity was largely devoted to supplying the city’s own rapidly
growing population, including the royal household and national
government, and to such trades as banking and publishing.
A large industrial sector did not develop until the 20th century, but
thereafter industry greatly expanded and diversified, making Madrid
the second industrial city in Spain. However, the economy of the city
is now becoming more and more dominated by the service sector.
Madrid
Madrid is the 5th most important leading Center of Commerce in Europe
(after London, Paris, Frankfurt and Amsterdam) and ranks 11th in the
world.[14]
Economic history[edit]
As the capital city of the
Spanish Empire
Spanish Empire from 1561, Madrid's
population grew rapidly. Administration, banking, and small-scale
manufacturing centred on the royal court were among the main
activities, but the city was more a locus of consumption than
production or trade, geographically isolated as it was before the
coming of the railways.
Industry
Industry started to develop on a large scale only in the 20th
century,[67] but then grew rapidly, especially during the "Spanish
miracle" period around the 1960s. The economy of the city was then
centred on diverse manufacturing industries such as those related to
motor vehicles, aircraft, chemicals, electronic devices,
pharmaceuticals, processed food, printed materials, and leather
goods.[68] Since the restoration of democracy in the late 1970s, the
city has continued to expand. Its economy is now among the most
dynamic and diverse in the European Union.[69]
Present-day economy[edit]
As the national capital,
Madrid
Madrid concentrates activities directly
connected with power (central and regional government, headquarters of
Spanish companies, regional HQ of multinationals, financial
institutions) and with knowledge and technological innovation
(research centres and universities). It is one of Europe's largest
financial centres and the largest in Spain.[70] The city has 17
universities and over 30 research centres.[70]:52 It is the third
metropolis in the EU by population, and the fourth by gross internal
product.[70]:69 Leading employers include Telefónica, Iberia,
Prosegur, BBVA, Urbaser, Dragados, and FCC.[70]:569
The comunidad de Madrid, containing the city and surrounding areas,
had a
GDP
GDP of €203,626M in 2015, equating to a
GDP
GDP per capita of
€31,812.[71] In 2011 the city itself had a
GDP
GDP per capita 74% above
the national average and 70% above that of the 27 European Union
member states, although 11% behind the average of the top 10 cities of
the EU.[70]:237–239 Although housing just over 50% of the region's's
population, the city generates 65.9% of its GDP.[70]:51 Following the
recession commencing 2007/8, recovery was under way by 2014, with
forecast growth rates for the city of 1.4% in 2014, 2.7% in 2015 and
2.8% in 2016.[72]:10
The economy of
Madrid
Madrid has become based increasingly on the service
sector. In 2011 services accounted for 85.9% of value added, while
industry contributed 7.9% and construction 6.1%.[70]:51 Nevertheless,
Madrid
Madrid continues to hold the position of Spain's second industrial
centre after Barcelona, specialising particularly in high-technology
production. Following the recession, services and industry were
forecast to return to growth in 2014, and construction in 2015.[72]:32
Standard of living[edit]
Mean household income and spending are 12% above the Spanish
average.[70]:537, 553 The proportion classified as "at risk of
poverty" in 2010 was 15.6%, up from 13.0% in 2006 but less than the
average for
Spain
Spain of 21.8%. The proportion classified as affluent was
43.3%, much higher than
Spain
Spain overall (28.6%).[70]:540–3
Consumption by
Madrid
Madrid residents has been affected by job losses and by
austerity measures, including a rise in sales tax from 8% to 21% in
2012.[73]
Although residential property prices have fallen by 39% since 2007,
the average price of dwelling space was €2,375.6 per sq. m. in early
2014,[72]:70 and is shown as second only to
London
London in a list of 22
European cities.[74]
Employment[edit]
AZCA
_01.jpg/480px-AZCA_(Madrid)_01.jpg)
AZCA
Business
Business park in northern Madrid
Telefónica
Telefónica district in Madrid
Participation in the labour force was 1,638,200 in 2011, or 79.0%. The
employed workforce comprised 49% women in 2011 (Spain, 45%).[70]:98
41% of economically active people are university graduates, against
24% for
Spain
Spain as a whole.[70]:103
Cristal Tower & Espacio Tower (CTBA)
In 2011, the unemployment rate was 15.8%, remaining lower than in
Spain
Spain as a whole. Among those aged 16–24, the unemployment rate was
39.6%.[70]:97, 100 Unemployment reached a peak of 19.1% in
2013,[72]:17 but with the start of an economic recovery in 2014,
employment started to increase.[75] Employment continues to shift
further towards the service sector, with 86% of all jobs in this
sector by 2011, against 74% in all of Spain.[70]:117
Services[edit]
The share of services in the city’s economy is 86%. Services to
business, transport & communications, property & financial
together account for 52% of total value added.[70]:51 The types of
services that are now expanding are mainly those that facilitate
movement of capital, information, goods and persons, and "advanced
business services" such as research and development (R&D),
information technology, and technical accountancy.[70]:242–3
Banks based in
Madrid
Madrid carry out 72% of the banking activity in
Spain.[70]:474 The Spanish central bank,
Bank
Bank of Spain, has existed in
Madrid
Madrid since 1782. Stocks & shares, bond markets, insurance, and
pension funds are other important forms of financial institution in
the city.
Madrid
Madrid is an important centre for trade fairs, many of them
coordinated by IFEMA, the Trade Fair Institution of
Madrid.[70]:351–2 The public sector employs 18.1% of all
employees.[70]:630
Madrid
Madrid attracts about 8M tourists annually from
other parts of
Spain
Spain and from all over the world, exceeding even
Barcelona.[70]:81[70]:362, 374[72]:44 Spending by tourists in Madrid
was estimated (2011) at €9,546.5M, or 7.7% of the city’s
GDP.[70]:375
The construction of transport infrastructure has been vital to
maintain the economic position of Madrid. Travel to work and other
local journeys use a high-capacity metropolitan road network and a
well-used public transport system.[70]:62–4 In terms of
longer-distance transport,
Madrid
Madrid is the central node of the system of
autovías and of the high-speed rail network (AVE), which has brought
major cities such as
Seville
Seville and
Barcelona
Barcelona within 2.5 hours travel
time.[70]:72–75 Also important to the city's economy is
Madrid-Barajas Airport, the fourth largest airport in
Europe.[70]:76–78 Madrid’s central location makes it a major
logistical base.[70]:79–80
Industry[edit]
As an industrial centre
Madrid
Madrid retains its advantages in
infrastructure, as a transport hub, and as the location of
headquarters of many companies. Industries based on advanced
technology are acquiring much more importance here than in the rest of
Spain.[70]:271
Industry
Industry contributed 7.5% to Madrid's value-added in
2010.[70]:265 However, industry has slowly declined within the city
boundaries as more industry has moved outward to the periphery.
Industrial Gross Value Added grew by 4.3% in the period 2003–2005,
but decreased by 10% during 2008–2010.[70]:271, 274 The leading
industries were: paper, printing & publishing, 28.8%; energy &
mining, 19.7%; vehicles & transport equipment, 12.9%; electrical
and electronic, 10.3%; foodstuffs, 9.6%; clothing, footwear &
textiles, 8.3%; chemical, 7.9%; industrial machinery, 7.3%.[70]:266
Construction[edit]
The construction sector, contributing 6.5% to the city’s economy in
2010,[70]:265 was a growing sector before the recession, aided by a
large transport and infrastructure program. More recently the
construction sector has fallen away and earned 8% less in 2009 than it
had been in 2000.[70]:242–3 The decrease was particularly marked in
the residential sector, where prices dropped by 25%–27% from 2007 to
2012/13[70]:202, 212 and the number of sales fell by 57%.[70]:216
International rankings[edit]
A recent study placed
Madrid
Madrid 7th among 36 cities as an attractive base
for business.[76] It was placed third in terms of availability of
office space, and fifth for easy of access to markets, availability of
qualified staff, mobility within the city, and quality of life. Its
less favourable characteristics were seen as pollution, languages
spoken, and political environment. Another ranking of European cities
placed
Madrid
Madrid 5th among 25 cities (behind Berlin, London,
Paris
Paris and
Frankfurt), being rated favourably on economic factors and the labour
market, and on transport and communication.[77]
Art and culture[edit]
Museums and art centres[edit]
Prado Museum
See also: List of museums in Madrid
Madrid
Madrid is considered one of the top European destinations concerning
art museums. Best known is the Golden Triangle of Art, located along
the
Paseo del Prado
Paseo del Prado and comprising three museums. The most famous one
is the Prado Museum, known for such highlights as Diego Velázquez's
Las Meninas
Las Meninas and Francisco de Goya's
La maja vestida
La maja vestida and La maja
desnuda. The other two museums are the Thyssen Bornemisza Museum,
established from a mixed private collection, and the Reina Sofía
Museum, where Pablo Picasso's Guernica is exhibited, returned to Spain
from New York after more than two decades.
The
Prado Museum
Prado Museum (Museo del Prado) is a museum and art gallery that
features one of the world's finest collections of European art, from
the 12th century to the early 19th century, based on the former
Spanish Royal Collection. The collection currently comprises around
7,600 paintings, 1,000 sculptures, 4,800 prints and 8,200 drawings, in
addition to a large number of works of art and historic documents. El
Prado is one of the most visited museums in the world, and it is
considered to be among the greatest museums of art. It has the best
collection of artworks by Goya, Velázquez, El Greco, Rubens, Titian,
Hieronymus Bosch, José de Ribera, and
Patinir
Patinir as well as works by
Rogier van der Weyden, Raphael Sanzio, Tintoretto, Veronese,
Caravaggio, Van Dyck, Albrecht Dürer, Claude Lorrain, Murillo, and
Zurbarán, among others. Among the most famous paintings in this
museum are Las Meninas, The Immaculate Conception, and The Judgement
of Paris.
Reina Sofía Museum
The Reina Sofía National Art
Museum
Museum (Museo Nacional Centro de Arte
Reina Sofía, abbreviated as MNCARS) is Spain's national museum of
20th-century art. The museum is mainly dedicated to Spanish art.
Highlights of the museum include excellent collections of Spain's
greatest 20th-century masters, Pablo Picasso, Salvador Dalí, Joan
Miró, Juan Gris, and Julio González. Certainly the most famous
masterpiece in the museum is Picasso's painting Guernica. The Reina
Sofía also hosts a free-access library specialising in art, with a
collection of over 100,000 books, over 3,500 sound recordings, and
almost 1,000 videos.[78]
Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum
The
Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum
_08.jpg/440px-Museo_Thyssen-Bornemisza_(Madrid)_08.jpg)
Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum (Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza) is an art
museum that fills the historical gaps in its counterparts'
collections: in the Prado's case, this includes Italian primitives and
works from the English, Dutch, and German schools, while in the case
of the Reina Sofía, the Thyssen-Bornemisza collection, once the
second largest private collection in the world after the British Royal
Collection,[79] includes Impressionists, Expressionists, and European
and American paintings from the second half of the 20th century, with
over 1,600 paintings.[80]
The Royal Academy of Fine
Arts
Arts of San Fernando (Real Academia de
Bellas Artes de San Fernando) currently functions as a museum and
gallery that houses a fine art collection of paintings from the 15th
to 20th centuries, including works by Giovanni Bellini, Correggio,
Rubens, Zurbarán, Murillo, Goya, Juan Gris, and Pablo Serrano. The
academy is also the headquarters of the
Madrid
Madrid Academy of Art.
Francisco
Goya
Goya was once one of the academy's directors, and its alumni
include Pablo Picasso, Salvador Dalí, Antonio López García, Juan
Luna, and Fernando Botero.[81][82]
Royal Armoury of Madrid, located in the
Royal Palace
Royal Palace of Madrid
The
Royal Palace of Madrid
Royal Palace of Madrid (
Palacio Real
Palacio Real de Madrid) is the official
residence of Felipe VI of Spain, but he uses it only for official
acts. It is a baroque palace full of artworks and is one of the
largest European royal palaces, characterised by its luxurious rooms
and its rich collections of armours and weapons, pharmaceuticals,
silverware, watches, paintings, tapestries, and the most comprehensive
collection of Stradivarius in the world[83]
The National Archaeological
Museum
Museum (Museo Arqueológico Nacional)
collection includes, among others, Pre-historic, Celtic, Iberian,
Greek and Roman antiquities, and medieval (Visigothic, Muslim and
Christian) objects. Highlights include a replica of the Altamira cave
(the first cave in which prehistoric cave paintings were discovered),
Lady of Elx
_01.jpg/500px-Dama_de_Elche_(M.A.N._Madrid)_01.jpg)
Lady of Elx (an enigmatic polychrome stone bust),
Lady of Baza
Lady of Baza (a
famous example of Iberian sculpture),
Biche of Balazote
Biche of Balazote (an Iberian
sculpture), and
Treasure of Guarrazar
Treasure of Guarrazar (a treasure that represents the
best surviving group of early medieval Christian votive offerings and
the high point of Visigothic goldsmith's work).[84]
The
Museum
Museum of the Americas (Museo de América) is a national museum
that holds artistic, archaeological, and ethnographic collections from
the American continent, ranging from the
Paleolithic
Paleolithic period to the
present day. The permanent exhibit is divided into five major themed
areas: an awareness of America, the reality of America, society,
religion, and communication.[85]
National
Museum
Museum of Natural Sciences
The National
Museum
Museum of Natural Sciences (Museo Nacional de Ciencias
Naturales) is Spain's national museum of natural history. The research
departments of the museum are biodiversity and evolutionary biology,
evolutionary ecology, paleobiology, vulcanology, and geology.[86]
The Naval
Museum
Museum (Museo Naval) is managed by the Ministry of Defense.
The museum's mission is to acquire, preserve, investigate, report, and
display for study, education, and contemplation parts, sets, and
collections of historical, artistic, scientific, and technical works
related to naval activity in order to disseminate Spanish maritime
history; to help illustrate, highlight, and preserve their traditions;
and promote national maritime awareness.[87]
El Aquelarre, Francisco de Goya. Lázaro Galdiano Museum
The
Convent of Las Descalzas Reales
_07.jpg/500px-Monasterio_de_las_Descalzas_Reales_(Madrid)_07.jpg)
Convent of Las Descalzas Reales (Monasterio de las Descalzas
Reales) resides in the former palace of King Charles I of
Spain
Spain and
Isabella of Portugal. Their daughter, Joan of Austria, founded this
convent of nuns of the
Poor Clare
Poor Clare order in 1559. Throughout the
remainder of the 16th century and into the 17th century, the convent
attracted young widowed or spinster noblewomen. Each woman brought
with her a dowry. The riches quickly piled up, and the convent became
one of the richest convents in all of Europe. It has many works of
Renaissance and Baroque art, including a recumbent Christ by Gaspar
Becerra, a staircase whose paintings were painted by an unknown artist
(perhaps Velázquez) and that are considered masterpieces of Spanish
Illusionistic painting, and
Brussels
Brussels tapestries inspired by paintings
of Rubens.[88]
The
Museum
Museum of Lázaro Galdiano (Museo de Lázaro Galdiano) houses an
encyclopaedic collection specialising in decorative arts. Apart from
paintings and sculptures, it displays 10th-century Byzantine enamel;
Arab and Byzantine ivory chests; Hellenistic, Roman, medieval,
renaissance, baroque, and romantic jewellery;
Pisanello
Pisanello and Pompeo
Leoni medals; Spanish and Italian ceramics; Italian and Arab clothes;
and a collection of weapons; including the sword of Pope Innocent
VIII.[89]
The National
Museum
Museum of Decorative
Arts
Arts (Museo Nacional de Artes
Decorativas) is one of the oldest museums in the city and illustrates
the evolution of the so-called "minor arts" (furniture, ceramics and
glass, textile, etc.). Its 60 rooms display 15,000 of the institute's
approximately 40,000 total.[90]
The National
Museum
Museum of Romanticism (Museo Nacional de Romanticismo)
contains a large collection of artefacts and art, focusing on daily
life and customs of the 19th century, with special attention to the
aesthetics of Romanticism.[91]
The
Museum
Museum Cerralbo (Museo Cerralbo) houses a private collection of
ancient works of art, artefact,s and other antiquities collected by
Enrique de Aguilera y Gamboa, 17th Marquis of Cerralbo.[92]
The National
Museum
Museum of Anthropology (Museo Nacional de Antropología)
provides an overview of different cultures, with objects and human
remains from around the world, highlighting a Guanche mummy from
Tenerife.[93]
The Sorolla
Museum
Museum (Museo Sorolla) is located in the building in which
the Valencian
Impressionist
Impressionist painter had his home and workshop. The
collection includes, in addition to numerous works by Joaquín
Sorolla, a large number of objects that the artist possessed,
including sculptures by Auguste Rodin.[94]
CaixaForum Madrid
CaixaForum Madrid
_01.jpg/540px-CaixaForum_Madrid_(España)_01.jpg)
CaixaForum Madrid is a post-modern art gallery in the centre of
Madrid. It is sponsored by the Catalan-Balearic bank
La Caixa
La Caixa and
located next to the Salón del Prado. Although the CaixaForum is a
modern building, it also exhibits retrospectives of artists from
earlier time periods and has evolved into one of the most-visited
museums in Madrid. It was constructed by the Swiss architects Herzog
& de Meuron from 2001 to 2007, who took an unused industrial
building and hollowed it out at the base and inside and then added
additional floors encased with rusted steel. Next to the gallery is an
art installation by French botanist
Patrick Blanc
_(7166632353).jpg/440px-Le_mur_végétal_(Musée_du_quai_Branly)_(7166632353).jpg)
Patrick Blanc of green plants
growing on the wall of the neighbouring house. The red of the top
floors with the green of the wall next to it form a contrast. The
green is in reflection of the neighbouring Royal Botanical Garden.[95]
Major cultural centres organise parallel cultural events housed in
unique buildings:
Fine arts circle
Centrocentro is an exhibition space in Cibeles Palace, formerly the
Palace of Communications and now the City Hall. Two social areas have
been set up and offer catalogues and publications about current
exhibitions and cultural events along the Art Walk. Near these social
areas are two large street maps showing the 59 institutions, monuments
and buildings of special interest that make the Art Walk such a
diverse experience.
The Fine
Arts
Arts Circle (Círculo de Bellas Artes), built by Antonio
Palacios, is one of Madrid's oldest arts centres and one of the most
important private cultural centres in Europe. It is a
multidisciplinary centre with activities ranging from visual art to
literature, science to philosophy, film and to the performing arts.
Nowadays it hosts exhibitions, shows, film screenings, conferences and
workshops; its radio programming and magazine Minerva play an
important part in the country's cultural life.
Matadero Madrid, literally "
Madrid
Madrid Abattoir", is a complex situated by
the river Manzanares whose buildings are an architectural ensemble
devoted to performance arts, managed and programmed by the Teatro
Español (Madrid). Matadero is a flexible area that allows the
autonomous operation of three interconnected spaces: a theatre café,
which accommodates small-scale shows; a large stage, for all sorts of
genres and more experimental options; and a third building for
dressing rooms and areas for training, debate, analysis and rehearsing
new productions.
Conde Duque cultural centre has expanded the amount of space dedicated
to culture and art. The new installations now accommodate a theatre,
an exhibition hall and an auditorium with a year-round program.
Other art galleries and museums in
Madrid
Madrid include:
Liria Palace
Spanish Air Force
Spanish Air Force Museum[96]
Royal Palace
Royal Palace of El Pardo[97]
Railway Museum[98]
Royal Palace
Royal Palace of Madrid
Lady of Elche
Lady of Elche (National Archaeological Museum)
Museum
Museum of the Americas
National
Museum
Museum of Natural Sciences
Royal Palace
Royal Palace of El Pardo
Museum
Museum of
Madrid
Madrid History
National Archaeological
Museum
Museum of Spain
Landmarks[edit]
Alcalá Street and the Metropolis Building
In the year 2006,
Madrid
Madrid was the fourth most-visited city in Europe
and the first in Spain, with almost seven million tourists.[99] It is
also the seat of the
World Tourism Organization
World Tourism Organization and the International
Tourism
Tourism Fair – FITUR.
Most of the tourist attractions of
Madrid
Madrid are in the old town and the
Ensanche, corresponding with the districts of Centro, Salamanca,
Chamberí, Retiro, and Arganzuela. The nerve centre of the city is the
Puerta del Sol, the starting point for the numbering of all city
streets and all the country's highways.
The
Calle de Alcalá
_02.jpg/600px-Calle_de_Alcalá_(Madrid)_02.jpg)
Calle de Alcalá or Alcalá Street leads from the Puerta del Sol
from the NE of the city. From the street you get from Plaza de
Cibeles. Subsequently, the street reaches the "Plaza de la
Independencia", which includes the
Puerta de Alcalá
Puerta de Alcalá and an entrance
to the Buen Retiro Park.
The Calle Mayor leads to Plaza Mayor continuing for the so-called
Madrid
Madrid de los Austrias, in reference to the Dynasty of Habsburg –
finally reaching Calle de Bailén, near the Cathedral of the Almudena
and the church of San Francisco el Grande.
The Calle del Arenal comes to Royal Theatre in Plaza de la Ópera,
continuing through Plaza de Oriente, where the
Royal Palace
Royal Palace is. From
there, the Calle Bailen leads to the Plaza de España and the Temple
of Debod, an Egyptian temple moved stone by stone to
Spain
Spain in
gratitude for their help in the construction of the Aswan Dam. Also in
this square is the start of the Gran Vía street.
Churches[edit]
Almudena Cathedral
Royal Convent of La Encarnación
_01.jpg/500px-Real_Monasterio_de_la_Encarnación_(Madrid)_01.jpg)
Royal Convent of La Encarnación (façade)
San Francisco el Grande
Madrid
Madrid has a considerable number of
Catholic
Catholic churches, some of which
are among the most important Spanish religious artworks.
The oldest church that survives today is San Nicolás de los Servitas,
whose oldest item is the bell tower (12th century), in Mudéjar style.
The next oldest temple is San Pedro el Real, with its high brick
tower.
St. Jerome Church is a gothic church next to El Prado Museum. The
Catholic
Catholic Monarchs ordered its construction in the 15th century, as
part of a vanished monastery. The monastery's cloister is preserved.
It has recently been renovated by Rafael Moneo, with the goal to house
the neoclassical collection of El Prado Museum, and also sculptures by
Leone Leoni
Leone Leoni and Pompeo Leoni.
The Bishop Chapel is a gothic chapel built in the 16th century by
order of the Bishop of Plasencia, Gutierre de Vargas. It was
originally built to house the remains of Saint Isidore Laborer
(Madrid's patron saint), but it was used as the Vargas family
mausoleum. Inside are the altarpiece and the tombs of the Vargas
family, which were the work of Francisco Giralte, a disciple of Alonso
Berruguete. They are considered masterpieces of Spanish Renaissance
sculpture.
St. Isidore Church from the Plaza Mayor
St. Isidore Church was built between 1620 and 1664 by order of Empress
Maria of Austria, daughter of Charles V of
Germany
Germany and I of Spain, to
become part of a school run by the Jesuits, which still exists today.
Its dome is the first example of a dome drawing on a wooden frame
covered with plaster, which, given its lightness, makes it easy to
support the walls. It was the cathedral of
Madrid
Madrid between 1885 and
1993, which is the time it took to build the Almudena. The artworks
inside were mostly burned during the Spanish Civil War, but it
retained the tomb that holds the incorrupt body of Saint Isidore
Laborer and the urn containing the ashes of his wife, Maria Torribia.
The
Royal Convent of La Encarnación
Royal Convent of La Encarnación is an Augustinian Recollect
convent. The institution, which belonged to ladies of the nobility,
was founded by Queen Margaret of Austria, wife of Philip III of Spain,
in the early 17th century. Due to the frescoes and sculptures it
houses, it is one of the most prominent temples in the city. The
building's architect was Fray Alberto de la Madre de Dios, who built
it between 1611 and 1616. The façade responds to an inspiring
Herrerian
Herrerian style, with great austerity, and it was imitated by other
Spanish churches. The church's interior is a sumptuous work by the
great Baroque architect Ventura Rodriguez.
In the church are preserved shrines containing the blood of St.
Januarius and St. Pantaleon, the second (according to tradition)
liquefies every year on the saint's day on 27 July.
San Antonio de los Alemanes (St. Anthony Church) is a pretty
17th-century church that was originally part of a Portuguese hospital.
Subsequently, it was donated to the Germans living in the city.
The interior of the church has been recently restored. It has some
beautiful frescoes painted by Luca Giordano, Francisco Carreño, and
Francisco Rizi. The frescoes represent some kings of Spain, Hungary,
France, Germany, and Bohemia. They all sit looking at the paintings in
the vault, which represent the life of Saint Anthony of Padua.
The
Royal Chapel of St. Anthony of La Florida
Royal Chapel of St. Anthony of La Florida is sometimes named the
"Goya's Sistine Chapel". The chapel was built on orders of King
Charles IV of Spain, who also commissioned the frescoes by Goya. These
were completed over a six-month period in 1798. The frescoes portray
miracles by Saint Anthony of Padua, including one that occurred in
Lisbon
Lisbon but that the painter has relocated to Madrid. Every year on 13
June, the chapel becomes the site of a lively pilgrimage in which
young unwed women come to pray to St. Anthony and ask for a partner.
San Francisco el Grande Basilica was built in neoclassical style in
the second half of the 18th century by Francesco Sabatini. It has the
fifth largest diameter dome to Christianity. (33 metres (108 feet) in
diameter: it's smaller than the dome of Rome's Pantheon (43.4 metres
or 142.4 feet),
St. Peter's Basilica
St. Peter's Basilica (42.4 metres or 139.1 feet), the
Florence Cathedral
Florence Cathedral (42 metres or 138 feet), and the Rotunda of Mosta
(37.2 metres or 122.0 feet) in Malta, but it's larger than St. Paul's
Cathedral (30.8 metres or 101 feet) in
London
London and
Hagia Sophia
Hagia Sophia (31.8
metres or 104 feet) in Istanbul).
The church is dedicated to St. Francis of Assisi, who according to
legend was established in
Madrid
Madrid during his pilgrimage to
Santiago
Santiago de
Compostela. Its sumptuous interior features many artworks, including
paintings by
Goya
Goya and Zurbarán.
The Cathedral of Santa María la Real de la Almudena is the episcopal
seat of the Archdiocese of Madrid. It is a temple 102 metres (335
feet) long and 73 metres (240 feet) high, built during the 19th and
20th centuries in a mixture of different styles: neoclassical
exterior, neo-Gothic interior, neo-Romanesque crypt, and neo-Byzantine
apse's paints. The cathedral was built in the same place as the
Moorish citadel (Al-Mudayna). It was consecrated by Pope John Paul II
on his fourth trip to
Spain
Spain on 15 June 1993, thus becoming the only
Spanish cathedral dedicated by a pope.
The
Church of La Concepción
_01.jpg/532px-Iglesia_de_la_Concepción_de_Nuestra_Señora_(Madrid)_01.jpg)
Church of La Concepción is a neogothic catholic church, opened in
1914.
Literature[edit]
Cervantes Institute
Cervantes Institute headquarters
Madrid
Madrid has been one of the great centres of Spanish literature. Some
of the best writers of the Spanish Golden Century were born in Madrid,
including:
Lope de Vega
Lope de Vega (Fuenteovejuna, The Dog in the Manger, The
Knight of Olmedo), who reformed the Spanish theatre, a work continued
by
Calderon de la Barca
Calderon de la Barca (Life is a Dream), Francisco de Quevedo,
Spanish nobleman and writer famous for his satires, which criticised
the Spanish society of his time, and author of El Buscón. And
finally, Tirso de Molina, who created the famous character Don Juan.
Cervantes
Cervantes and Góngora also lived in the city, although they were not
born there. The homes of Lope de Vega, Quevedo, Gongora and Cervantes
are still preserved, and they are all in the Barrio de las Letras
(District of Letters).
Other writers born in
Madrid
Madrid in later centuries have been Leandro
Fernandez de Moratín, Mariano José de Larra, Jose de Echegaray
(Nobel Prize in Literature), Ramón Gómez de la Serna, Dámaso
Alonso,
Enrique Jardiel Poncela and Pedro Salinas.
The "Barrio de las Letras" (District of Letters) owes its name to the
intense literary activity developed over the 16th and 17th centuries.
Some of the most prominent writers of the
Spanish Golden Age
Spanish Golden Age settled
here, as Lope de Vega, Quevedo or Góngora, and the theatres of Cruz
and Príncipe, two of the major comedy theatres of that time. At 87
Calle de Atocha, one of the roads that limit the neighbourhood, was
the printing house of Juan Cuesta, where the first edition of the
first part of
Don Quixote
Don Quixote (1604) was published, one of the greatest
works of Spanish literature. Most of the literary routes are
articulated along the Barrio de las Letras, where you can find scenes
from novels of the
Siglo de Oro
Siglo de Oro and more recent works like "Bohemian
Lights".
Madrid
Madrid is home to the Royal Academy of Spanish Language, an
internationally important cultural institution dedicated to language
planning by enacting legislation aimed at promoting linguistic unity
within the Hispanic states; this ensures a common linguistic standard,
in accordance with its founding statutes "to ensure that the changes
undergone [by the language] [...] not break the essential unity that
keeps all the Hispanic".[100]
Madrid
Madrid is also home to another international cultural institution, the
Instituto Cervantes, whose task is the promotion and teaching of the
Spanish language
Spanish language as well as the dissemination of the culture of Spain
and Hispanic America.
The National Library of
Spain
Spain is the largest major public library in
Spain. The library's collection consists of more than 26,000,000
items, including 15,000,000 books and other printed materials, 30,000
manuscripts, 143,000 newspapers and serials, 4,500,000 graphic
materials, 510,000 music scores, 500,000 maps, 600,000 sound
recording, 90,000 audiovisuals, 90,000 electronic documents, more than
500,000 microforms, etc.[101]
Commemorative plaque of the 1st edition of Don Quixote
Plaza de Santa Ana, Barrio de las Letras
National Library of Spain
Nightlife[edit]
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Nightlife
.jpg/500px-Side_Show_main_floor_(cropped).jpg)
Nightlife in Centro District
The nightlife in
Madrid
Madrid is one of the city's main attractions. Tapas
bars, cocktail bars, clubs, jazz lounges, live music venues, flamenco
theatres, and establishments of all kinds cater to all. Every night,
venues pertaining to the Live Music Venues Association La Noche en
Vivo host a wide range of live music shows. Everything from acclaimed
to up-and-coming artists, singer-songwriters to rock bands, jazz
concerts or electronic music sessions to showcase music at its best.
Nightlife
Nightlife and young cultural awakening flourished in the 1980s while
Madrid's mayor
Enrique Tierno Galván
Enrique Tierno Galván (PSOE) was in office. At this
time, the cultural movement called La Movida flourished, and it
initially gathered around Plaza del Dos de Mayo. Nowadays, the
Malasaña
Malasaña area is known for its alternative scene.
Callao Square at night
Some of the most popular night destinations include the neighbourhoods
of Bilbao, Tribunal, Atocha, Alonso Martínez or Moncloa, together
with the
Puerta del Sol
Puerta del Sol area (including Ópera and Gran Vía, both
adjacent to the popular square) and Huertas (Barrio de las Letras),
destinations which are also filled with tourists day and night. The
district of
Chueca
.jpg/500px-Madrid_Pride_Orgullo_2015_58360_(19339362381).jpg)
Chueca has also become a hot spot in the Madrilenian
nightlife, especially for the gay population.
Chueca
Chueca is popularly
known as the gay quarter, comparable to The Castro district in San
Francisco.
What is also popular is the practice of meeting in parks or streets
with friends and drinking alcohol together (this is called botellón,
from botella, 'bottle'), but in recent years, drinking in the street
is punished with a fine of €600.
Usually in
Madrid
Madrid people do not go out until later in the evening and
do not return home until early in the morning. A typical evening out
could start after 12:00 AM and end at 6:30 AM.
Bohemian culture[edit]
The city has venues for performing alternative art and expressive art.
They are mostly located in the centre of the city, including in
Ópera, Antón Martín,
Chueca
Chueca and Malasaña. There are also several
festivals in Madrid, including the Festival of Alternative Art, the
Festival of the Alternative Scene.[102][103][104][105]
The neighbourhood of Malasaña, as well as Antón Martín and
Lavapiés, hosts several bohemian cafés/galleries. These cafés are
typified with period or retro furniture or furniture found on the
street, a colourful, nontraditional atmosphere inside, and usually art
displayed each month by a new artist, often for sale. Cafés include
the retro café Lolina and bohemian cafés La Ida, La Paca and Café
de la Luz in Malasaña, La Piola in Huertas and Café Olmo and
Aguardiente in Lavapiés.
In the neighbourhood of Lavapiés, there are also "hidden houses",
which are illegal bars or abandoned spaces where concerts, poetry
readings and[106][107][108] the famous Spanish botellón (a street
party or gathering that is now illegal but rarely stopped).
Classical music and opera[edit]
National Auditorium of Music
The Auditorio Nacional de Música [109] is the main venue for
classical music concerts in Madrid. It is home to the Spanish National
Orchestra, the Chamartín Symphony Orchestra[110] and the venue for
the symphonic concerts of the
Community of Madrid
Community of Madrid Orchestra and the
Madrid
Madrid Symphony Orchestra. It is also the principal venue for
orchestras on tour playing in Madrid.
The
Teatro Real
Teatro Real is the main opera house in Madrid, located just in
front of the Royal Palace, and its resident orchestra is the Madrid
Symphony Orchestra.[111] The theatre stages around seventeen opera
titles (both own productions and co-productions with other major
European opera houses) per year, as well as two or three major ballets
and several recitals.
The
Teatro de la Zarzuela
Teatro de la Zarzuela is mainly devoted to
Zarzuela
Zarzuela (the Spanish
traditional musical theatre genre), as well as operetta and
recitals.[112][113] The resident orchestra of the theatre is the
Community of Madrid
Community of Madrid Orchestra.
The
Teatro Monumental
Teatro Monumental is the concert venue of the RTVE Symphony
Orchestra.[114]
Other concert venues for classical music are the Fundación Joan March
and the Auditorio 400, devoted to contemporary music.
Local festivities[edit]
2 May, Fiesta de la Communidad (Madrid's Community Day).
15 May,
San Isidro Labrador
.jpg/500px-Saint_Isidor_Farmer_(18th_cen,_anon).jpg)
San Isidro Labrador (Madrid's patron saint).
13 June, San Antonio de la Florida (Moncloa neighbourhood's patron
saint).
16–25 July, Virgen del Carmen festivities (Vallecas neighbourhood's
patron saint).
6–14 August, Virgen de la Paloma festivities (Madrid's popular
patron saint).
7 August, San Cayetano (Cascorro neighbourhood's patron saint).
10 August, San Lorenzo (
Lavapiés
Lavapiés neighbourhood's patron saint).
9 November, Feast of the
Virgin of Almudena (Madrid's patron saint).
Bullfighting[edit]
Las Ventas
Las Ventas bullring
Madrid
Madrid hosts the largest plaza de toros (bullring) in Spain, Las
Ventas, established in 1929.
Las Ventas
Las Ventas is considered by many to be
the world centre of bullfighting and has a seating capacity of almost
25,000. Madrid's bullfighting season begins in March and ends in
October. Bullfights are held every day during the festivities of San
Isidro (Madrid's patron saint) from mid May to early June, and every
Sunday, and public holiday, the rest of the season. The style of the
plaza is Neo-Mudéjar.
Las Ventas
Las Ventas also hosts music concerts and other
events outside of the bullfighting season.
LGBTQ culture[edit]
Since
Spain
Spain legalised same-sex marriage in July 2005,[115]
Madrid
Madrid has
become one of the largest hot spots for LGBT culture. With about 500
businesses aimed toward the LGBT community,
Madrid
Madrid has become a
“Gateway of Diversity”.[116]
Madrid’s Pride Parade began in 1977, in the
Chueca
Chueca neighbourhood,
which also marked the beginning of the gay, lesbian, transgender, and
bisexual rights movement after being repressed for forty years in a
dictatorship.[117] This claiming of LGBT rights has allowed the Pride
Parade in
Madrid
Madrid to grow year after year, becoming one of the best in
the world. In 2007, this was recognised by the European Pride Owners
Association (EPOA) when
Madrid
Madrid hosted Europride, the Official European
Pride Parade. It was hailed by the President of the EPOA as “the
best Europride in history”.[116] In 2017,
Madrid
Madrid plans on
celebrating the 40th anniversary of their first Pride Parade with
WorldPride
Madrid
Madrid 2017. This festival will be the host of many
conferences, seminars, workshops, cultural and sports activities, and
a “kids and family pride” that will be a source of education. The
hope for this event is that its legacy will show the world a
multicultural, diverse, and tolerant society.[117]
Sport[edit]
Main article: Sport in Madrid
Sports clubs[edit]
Club Established Sport League Venue Capacity
Real Madrid
Real Madrid C.F.
1902
Football
La Liga
Santiago
Santiago Bernabéu
81,044
Atlético Madrid 1903 Football La Liga Wanda Metropolitano 67,829
Real Madrid
Real Madrid Baloncesto
1932
Basketball
ACB
Palacio de Deportes
17,453
CB Estudiantes 1948 Basketball ACB Palacio de Deportes 17,453
Football[edit] Main article: Football in Madrid
Santiago
Santiago Bernabéu
Palacio de Deportes
Madrid
Madrid is home to
La Liga
La Liga football club giant Real Madrid, who play
their home games at the
Santiago
Santiago Bernabéu. Their supporters are
referred to as Madridistas or Merengues (Meringues).
Real Madrid
Real Madrid was
selected as the best club of the 20th century (FIFA Club of the
Century), being the current leader of the European teams ranking and
the most valuable sports team in the world. Real are the current
holders of the European Cup having won the competition a record 12
times. They are also the current holders of
La Liga
La Liga with their 2017
title being their 33rd.
Their successful hometown rivals, Atlético Madrid, are also
well-supported in the city and play their home games at the Wanda
Metropolitano. Their supporters are referred to as Atléticos or
Colchoneros (The Mattressers), in reference to the team's red and
white jersey colours.[118] Atlético is considered a European elite
team, having reached in the last five seasons, two UEFA Champions
League finals. Historically, Atletico has won 10 national league
titles and 10 national cup titles.
The final matches for the UEFA Euro 1964 and the 1982 FIFA World Cup,
were held at Bernabéu, thus making
Madrid
Madrid the first city in Europe to
host both a UEFA European Championship and a FIFA World Cup final.
Some of Spain's top footballers are Madrilenians (born in Madrid),
including
Real Madrid
Real Madrid former captains
Emilio Butragueño
.jpg/440px-Emilio_Butragueño_2015_(cropped).jpg)
Emilio Butragueño (and
co-teammate of La Quinta del Buitre, "The Vulture's Cohort"), Raúl or
Iker Casillas
.jpg)
Iker Casillas and
Atlético Madrid
Atlético Madrid player Fernando Torres.
Basketball[edit]
Madrid
Madrid boasts a prominent place in Spanish basketball, with two clubs
in the country's top-level Liga ACB. Real Madrid's basketball section
has won a record 9
Euroleague
Euroleague Championships, 33 Spanish Leagues and 27
Spanish Cups, having achieved 3 Triple Crowns. Madrid's other
professional basketball club is Estudiantes that have won 3 Spanish
Cup championships. Both teams play their home games at the Palacio de
Deportes.
Annual international events[edit]
Cycling: The city serves as the final stage of the Vuelta a España,
one of the prestigious three-week-long Grand Tours.
Tennis:
Madrid
Madrid Open, a male and female professional tennis tournament,
held during the first week of May. The event is classified as an ATP
World Tour Masters 1000 event on the
ATP Tour
ATP Tour and a WTA Premier
Mandatory event on the WTA Tour.
Education[edit]
Main article:
Education
Education in Spain
State
Education
Education in
Spain
Spain is free, and compulsory from 6 to 16 years.
The current education system is called LOE (Ley Orgánica de
Educación).[119]
Universities[edit]
Madrid
Madrid is home to a large number of public and private universities.
Some of them are among the oldest in the world, and many of them are
the most prestigious universities in Spain.
The "National Distance
Education
Education University", in Spanish Universidad
Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED) has as its mission the
public service of higher education through the modality of distance
education. Facts and data about UNED: At more than 205,000 students
(2015), UNED has the largest student population in
Spain
Spain and is one of
the largest universities in Europe. Since 1972, UNED has sought to
translate into action the principle of equal opportunity in access to
higher education through a methodology based on the principles of
distance learning and focused on the needs of the student. UNED is the
leader in the implementation of cutting edge technologies applied to
learning, with the largest offer of virtual courses in Spain.
Complutense University of Madrid, founded 1293
The
Complutense University of Madrid
Complutense University of Madrid (Universidad Complutense de
Madrid) is the second largest university in
Spain
Spain after UNED Spanish
open University and one of the oldest universities in the world. It
has 10,000 staff members and a student population of 117,000. Nearly
all academic staff are Spanish. It is located on two campuses, in the
university quarter Ciudad Universitaria at Moncloa in Madrid, and in
Somosaguas.[120] The
Complutense University of Madrid
Complutense University of Madrid was founded in
Alcalá de Henares, old Complutum, by Cardinal Cisneros in 1499.
Nevertherless, its real origin dates back to 1293, when King Sancho IV
of Castile built the General Schools of Alcalá, which would give rise
to Cisnero's Complutense University. During the course of 1509–1510
five schools were already operative: Artes y Filosofía (
Arts
Arts and
Philosophy), Teología (Theology), Derecho Canónico (Canonical Laws),
Letras (Liberal Arts) and Medicina (Medicine). In 1836, during the
reign of Isabel II, the University was moved to Madrid, where it took
the name of Central University and was located at San Bernardo Street.
Subsequently, in 1927, a new University City (Ciudad Universitaria)
was planned to be built in the district of Moncloa-Aravaca, in lands
handed over by the King Alfonso XIII to this purpose. The Spanish
Civil War turned the University City into a war zone, causing the
destruction of several schools in the area, as well as the loss of
part of its rich scientific, artistic and bibliographic heritage. In
1970 the Government reformed the High Education, and the Central
University became the Complutense University of Madrid. It was then
when the new campus at Somosaguas was created to house the new School
of Social Sciences. The old Alcalá campus was reopened as the
independent UAH, University of Alcalá, in 1977. Complutense also
serves to the population of students who select
Madrid
Madrid as their
residency during their study abroad period. Students from the United
States for example, might go to
Madrid
Madrid on a program like API (Academic
Programs International) and study at Complutense for an intense
immersion into the Spanish Language. The beautiful setting of the
campus allows students living temporarily in
Madrid
Madrid to have access to
all of the city's public features including Retiro Park, El Prado
Museum, and much more. After studying at the University, students
return home with a fluent sense of Spanish as well as culture and
diversity.[121]
School of Mines, Technical University of Madrid
The
Technical University of Madrid
Technical University of Madrid (Universidad Politécnica de
Madrid), is the top technical university in Spain. It is the result of
the merge of different Technical Schools of Engineering.
The
Autonomous University of Madrid
Autonomous University of Madrid (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid)
was instituted under the leadership of the famous physicist, Nicolás
Cabrera. The Autonomous University is widely recognised for its
research strengths in theoretical physics. Known simply as La
Autónoma in Madrid, its main site is the Cantoblanco Campus, situated
10 miles (16 km) to the northeast of the capital (M-607) and
close to the municipal areas of Madrid, namely Alcobendas, San
Sebastián de los Reyes,
Tres Cantos
Tres Cantos and Colmenar Viejo. Located on
the main site are the Rectorate building and the Faculties of Science,
Philosophy and Fine Arts, Law, Economic
Science
Science and
Business
Business Studies,
Psychology, Higher School of Computing
Science
Science and Engineering, and
the Faculty of Teacher Training and Education. La Autónoma is
considered the institution to study Law in Spain, even is ranked in
first place over private and public universities such as Comillas
Pontifical University or Charles III University.[122] The Medical
School is sited outside the main site and beside the Hospital
Universitario La Paz.[123]
The
Charles III University of Madrid
Charles III University of Madrid (Universidad Carlos III de
Madrid), whose philosophy is to create responsible free-thinking
people with a sensitivity to social problems and an involvement in the
concept of progress based on freedom, justice and tolerance. The
undergraduate degrees in
Business
Business Administration,
Economics
.svg/540px-Countries_by_Real_GDP_Growth_Rate_(2016).svg.png)
Economics is ranked
first among those offered by public and private universities in
Spain,[122] and its Master and PhD programs also rank top in the
country.[124] The Department of Economics[125] is among the 50 best
worldwide, and in the top 10 in Econometrics.[126]
Some other prestigious universities include University of Alcalá
(Universidad de Alcalá) (public), rebuilt at
Alcalá de Henares
Alcalá de Henares in
1975;
King Juan Carlos University
King Juan Carlos University (Universidad Rey Juan Carlos)
(public), which is the second largest university in
Madrid
Madrid (by
enrolment); and the
Comillas Pontifical University
Comillas Pontifical University (Universidad
Pontificia Comillas) (private), involved in a number of academic
exchange programmes, work practice schemes and international projects
with over 200 Higher
Education
Education Institutions in Europe,
Latin
Latin America,
North America and Asia.
Other universities in
Madrid
Madrid are: Alfonso X El Sabio University,
Antonio de Nebrija University, Camilo José Cela University, Francisco
de Vitoria University, European University of Madrid, Pontifical
University of Salamanca–
Madrid
Madrid Campus, Saint Louis University Madrid
Campus and San Pablo CEU University (all of them private).
Madrid
Madrid is also home to the
Queen Sofía College of Music
Queen Sofía College of Music (Escuela
Superior de Música Reina Sofía), the
Madrid Royal Conservatory
Madrid Royal Conservatory (Real
Conservatorio Superior de Música de Madrid)
Business
Business schools[edit]
IE
Business
Business School (formerly Instituto de Empresa) has its main campus
on the border of the Chamartín and
Salamanca
Salamanca districts of Madrid. IE
Business
Business School recently ranked #1 in WSJ's 2009 rankings for Best MBA
Programs under 2 years. It scored ahead of usual stalwarts,
INSEAD
INSEAD and
IMD, giving it top billing among International MBA programs. Although
based in Barcelona, both
IESE
IESE
Business
Business School and ESADE Business
School also have
Madrid
Madrid campuses. These three schools are the
top-ranked business schools in Spain, consistently rank among the top
20 business schools globally, and offer MBA programs (in English or
Spanish) as well as other business degrees. Other
Madrid
Madrid business
schools and universities that have MBA programs include:
EAE
Business
Business School (in English and Spanish).
Charles III University of Madrid
Charles III University of Madrid through the Centro de Ampliación de
Estudios (in English or Spanish).
Comillas Pontifical University
Comillas Pontifical University (in Spanish only).
Technical University of Madrid
Technical University of Madrid (in Spanish only).
Transport[edit]
Autovía
Autovía A4, Spain
A type 2000 Metro train
AVE
AVE at
Madrid Atocha
Madrid Atocha Station
Main article: Transport in Madrid
Madrid
Madrid is served by several roads and three modes of public surface
transport, and two airports, one of them being almost two different
airports. A great many important road, rail and air links converge on
the capital, providing effective connections with other parts of the
metropolitan region and with the rest of
Spain
Spain and other parts of
Europe.
Roads[edit]
Commuters and other local travellers have available a high-capacity
metropolitan road network,
Madrid
Madrid is the centre of the most important
roads of Spain. The road network within the
Madrid
Madrid region includes
nine radial autovías (fast dualled highways). In 2016 it was
announced that
Madrid
Madrid will stop the use of all diesel powered cars and
trucks within the next decade.[127]
ID Itinerary
Autovía
Autovía A-1
Madrid–Aranda de Duero–Burgos–Miranda de Ebro–Vitoria–San
Sebastián–Irún–French border
Autovía
Autovía A-2
Madrid–Zaragoza–Lleida–Barcelona–Girona–French border
Autovía
Autovía A-3
Madrid–Valencia
Autovía
Autovía A-4
Madrid–Córdoba–Sevilla–Cádiz
Autovía
Autovía A-5
Madrid–Talavera de la
Reina–Trujillo–Mérida–Badajoz–Portuguese border
Autovía
Autovía A-6
Madrid–Medina del Campo–Benavente–Ponferrada–Lugo–A Coruña
Autovía
Autovía A-31
Madrid–Albacete–Alicante
Autovía
Autovía A-42
Madrid–Illescas–Toledo
Autovía
Autovía M-607
Madrid–Tres Cantos–Colmenar Viejo
A bypass in the north of Madrid
Also
Madrid
Madrid road network includes four orbital ones at different
distances from the centre.
Autopista de Circunvalación M-30 ,
Ring road
Ring road around Madrid
City Center. It is the busiest Spanish road, famous for its traffic
jams. A significant portion of the southern part runs underground,
with tunnel sections of more than 6 kilometres (3.7 miles) in length
and 3 to 6 lanes in each direction.
Autopista de Circunvalación M-40 ,
Ring road
Ring road around the
outer city districts and closest metropolitan municipalities.
Autopista de Circunvalación M-45 , road built between the
M-40 and M-50, passes by neighbourhoods like Villaverde and Vallecas
Autopista de Circunvalación M-50 , Madrid's outer ring
road, connecting municipalities and cities in the metropolitan area,
like the ones in the south industrial belt (Fuenlabrada, Móstoles,
Getafe, Leganés) and the more residential suburbs to the West, like
Boadilla del Monte
Boadilla del Monte and Las Rozas.
Madrid
Madrid M-30 bypass
Due to the large amount of traffic, new toll highways were built parallel to the main national freeways (A1...A6). Their names are R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5 and provide a paid alternative to the often overcrowded free radials.
Madrid
Madrid public transport system map (Metro, cercanias and light metro)
Local transport[edit] There are four major components of public transport, with many intermodal interchanges.
Madrid Metro
Madrid Metro Train
The first is the Metro, the second longest metro system in Europe
(after London's) at 294 kilometres (183 miles). Only the Métro of
Paris
Paris has more stations.
Logo Metro
Line Route Length Stations
Pinar de Chamartín – Valdecarros 23.873 km 31
Las Rosas – Cuatro Caminos 14 km 20
Villaverde Alto – Moncloa 16.4 km 18
Argüelles – Pinar de Chamartín 16 km 23
Alameda de Osuna
Alameda de Osuna – Casa de Campo
23.2 km
32
Circular 23.5 km 28
Hospital de Henares – Pitis 31.2 km 29
Nuevos Ministerios – Aeropuerto T4 16.5 km 8
Paco de Lucía – Arganda del Rey 39.5 km 27
Hospital Infanta Sofía – Puerta del Sur 39.9 km 31
Plaza Elíptica – La Fortuna 5.3 km 7
MetroSur 40.7 km 28
Ópera – Príncipe Pío 1.1 km 2
294 kilometres (183 miles)
Chueca
Chueca neighbourhood station
Another is the Cercanías. Those are local railways, used for longer distances from the suburbs into Madrid, consisting of nine lines totalling 382 kilometres (237 miles) and 98 stations. With fewer stops inside the centre of the city they are faster than the Metro, but run less frequently. This system is connected with Metro (presently 22 stations) and Light Metro.
Cercanias Train Madrid
Cercanías Map
Line Route Km Stations
Príncipe Pío – Atocha – Recoletos – Chamartín – Fuente de la Mora – Aeropuerto T4 24 10
Guadalajara –
Alcalá de Henares
Alcalá de Henares – Atocha – Recoletos –
Chamartín
65
18
Aranjuez
Aranjuez – Villaverde Bajo – Atocha – Sol – Chamartín –
Pinar – Villalba – El Escorial
106
23
Alcobendas-S. S. de los Reyes – Cantoblanco Universidad –
Chamartín – Sol – Atocha – Villaverde Bajo –
Getafe
Getafe Centro
– Parla
48
15
Colmenar Viejo
Colmenar Viejo – Cantoblanco Universidad – Chamartín – Sol –
Atocha – Villaverde Bajo –
Getafe
Getafe Centro – Parla
59
15
Móstoles–El Soto – Atocha –
Fuenlabrada
Fuenlabrada – Humanes
45
23
Alcalá de Henares
Alcalá de Henares – Atocha – Recoletos – Chamartín – Las
Rozas – Príncipe Pío – Atocha – Recoletos – Chamartín –
Fuente de la Mora
98
30
Vicálvaro
Vicálvaro – Atocha – Recoletos – Chamartín – Villalba –
Cercedilla
78
16
El Escorial –
Santa María de la Alameda
_mapa.svg/600px-Santa_María_de_la_Alameda_(Madrid)_mapa.svg.png)
Santa María de la Alameda – Ávila
71
9
Cercedilla
Cercedilla – Cotos
18
3
Villalba – Príncipe Pío – Atocha – Recoletos – Chamartín – Fuente de la Mora - Aeropuerto T4 55 21
Madrid
Madrid has four lines of Light Metro with several connection with
Metro and also with Cercanias.
Light Metro
Line Route Length Stations
Pinar de Chamartín-Las Tablas 5.395 km 9
Colonia Jardín-Estación de Aravaca 8.680 km 13
Colonia Jardín-Puerta de Boadilla 13.699 km 16
Parla
Parla Circular Line
8.3 km
15
36 km 53
Finally there is a dense network of bus routes, run by the municipal body Empresa Municipal de Transportes, or EMT, which operate 24 hours a day, in the night are special lines called "N lines". There are two types, the red and blue buses inside the city (with more than 200 bus lines), the green buses which has route with the neighbourhoods outside the centre of the city (with 459 suburban bus lines), and the (yellow) Airport Express bus. Also several neighbourhoods has its own bus lines for the mobility inside them
Blue Urban Bus
Suburban bus
Express Airport Bus
Almost half of all journeys in the metropolitan area are made on public transport, a very high proportion compared with most European cities.[70]:62–4
Taxis of Madrid
Madrid
Madrid has 15723 taxis around all the city.
Long-distance transport[edit]
In terms of longer-distance transport,
Madrid
Madrid is the central node of
the system of autovías, giving the city direct fast road links with
most parts of
Spain
Spain and with
France
France and Portugal. It is also the focal
point of one of the world's three largest high-speed rail systems,
Alta Velocidad Española (AVE), which has brought major cities such as
Seville
Seville and
Barcelona
Barcelona within 2.5 hours travel time. There are now
2,900 kilometres (1,800 miles) of
AVE
AVE track, connecting
Madrid
Madrid with 17
provincial capitals, and further lines are under
construction.[70]:72–75
Also
Spain
Spain business are designing new high speed trains which will be
the new generation
AVE
AVE 104 like Talgo AVRIL.
Madrid
Madrid is also home to Madrid-Barajas Airport, the sixth-largest
airport in Europe, handling over 40M passengers annually, of whom 70%
are international travellers, in addition to the majority of Spain’s
air freight movements.[70]:76–78 Madrid’s location at the centre
of the
Iberian Peninsula
Iberian Peninsula makes it a major logistical base.[70]:79–80
Madrid-Barajas Airport
Madrid-Barajas Airport has 4 Terminals and also the terminal 4S,
called Satellite terminal, this terminal is 2 kilometres (1.2 miles)
from the terminal 4 and connected by an Automated People Mover System
(AMP) train.
A second commercial airport for Madrid, the
Ciudad Real
Ciudad Real Central
Airport[128] is under the process of reopening after years of closure
due to financial difficulties of the airport's former parent
company.[129]
Spain
Spain High Speed Services map
APM
Madrid
Madrid airport (Train Terminal 4 -> 4S)
European high speed railways map
Adolfo Suárez Madrid–Barajas Airport, Terminal 4
AVE
AVE 103 in Atocha
International relations[edit] See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Spain Twin towns and sister cities[edit] List of Madrid's twin towns, sister cities:[130]
Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates[130] Berlin, Germany[130][131] Bordeaux, France[130][132] Malabo, Equatorial Guinea[130] Melbourne, Australia[130] Miami, United States[130] New York City, United States[130] Nouakchott, Mauritania[130] Rabat, Morocco[130] Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina[130] Tripoli, Libya[130] Warsaw, Poland[130]
Union of Ibero-American Capital Cities[edit]
Madrid
Madrid is part of the Union of Ibero-American Capital Cities[133] from
12 October 1982 establishing brotherly relations with the following
cities:
Andorra
Andorra la Vella, Andorra
Asunción, Paraguay
Bogotá, Colombia
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Caracas, Venezuela
Guatemala
Guatemala City, Guatemala
Havana, Cuba
Quito, Ecuador
La Paz, Bolivia
Lima, Peru
Lisbon, Portugal
Managua, Nicaragua
Manila, Philippines
Mexico
Mexico City, Mexico
Montevideo, Uruguay
Panama
Panama City, Panama
Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
San Jose, Costa Rica
San Juan, Puerto Rico
San Salvador, El Salvador
Santiago, Chile
Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
Tegucigalpa, Honduras
Other partnerships[edit]
Athens, Greece[130] Beijing, China[130] Brussels, Belgium[130] Cebu City, Philippines[130] Davao City, Philippines[130] Manila, Philippines[130] Moscow, Russia[130] Paris, France[130] Prague, Czech Republic[130] Rome, Italy[130] Zamboanga City, Philippines[130]
Notable people[edit] Main article: List of people from Madrid
Andrés Manuel del Río
Federico Chueca
Félix Lope de Vega
Fernando Trueba
Fernando Verdasco
Francisco de Quevedo
Francisco J. Ayala
Gregorio Marañón
José Ortega y Gasset
Juan Caramuel
Juan Gris
Julio Iglesias
María Guerrero
Penélope Cruz
Plácido Domingo
Raúl
Tirso de Molina
Historic buildings[edit]
Royal Palace
Royal Palace of Madrid
Plaza de la Villa
Bridge of Toledo
St. Michael's Basilica
St. Barbara's Church.
Royal Observatory
Gate of Toledo
Congress of Deputies
Spanish Ministry of Agriculture
Bank
Bank of Spain
Delicias Train Station
Hospital of Maudes
San Manuel & San Benito church
SGAE Seat
Telefónica
Telefónica Building
Palacio de la Prensa
Carrión Building
Spanish Air Force
Spanish Air Force Headquarters
Edificio Girasol
Torres Blancas
Caja Mágica
Honours[edit]
Madrid Dome
Madrid Dome in Aristotle Mountains,
Graham Land
Graham Land in
Antarctica
Antarctica is named
after the city.[134]
See also[edit]
C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group
Madrid
Madrid Conference of 1991
Mayor of Madrid
List of tallest buildings in Madrid
OPENCities
List of films set in Madrid
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Chinchón
Ciempozuelos
Cobeña
Collado Mediano
Colmenar de Oreja
Colmenar del Arroyo
Colmenarejo
Corpa
Cubas de la Sagra
El Escorial
Estremera
Fresnedillas de la Oliva
Fresno de Torote
Fuente el Saz de Jarama
Fuentidueña de Tajo
Garganta de los Montes
Gargantilla del
Lozoya
Lozoya y Pinilla de Buitrago
Gascones
Griñón
Guadalix de la Sierra
Guadarrama
La Hiruela
Horcajo de la Sierra
Horcajuelo de la Sierra
Hoyo de Manzanares
Loeches
Lozoya
Lozoyuela-Navas-Sieteiglesias
Madarcos
Manzanares el Real
Meco
Miraflores de la Sierra
El Molar
Los Molinos
Mejorada del Campo
Montejo de la Sierra
Moraleja de Enmedio
Moralzarzal
Morata de Tajuña
Navacerrada
Navalafuente
Navalagamella
Navarredonda y San Mamés
Navas del Rey
Nuevo Baztán
Olmeda de las Fuentes
Orusco de Tajuña
Paracuellos de Jarama
Pedrezuela
Pelayos de la Presa
Perales de Tajuña
Pezuela de las Torres
Pinilla del Valle
Piñuécar-Gandullas
Pozuelo del Rey
Prádena del Rincón
Puebla de la Sierra
Puentes Viejas
Quijorna
Rascafría
Redueña
Ribatejada
Robledillo de la Jara
Robledo de Chavela
Robregordo
Rozas de Puerto Real
San Agustín del Guadalix
San Lorenzo de El Escorial
San Martín de la Vega
San Martín de Valdeiglesias
Santa María de la Alameda
Santorcaz
Los Santos de la Humosa
La Serna del Monte
Serranillos del Valle
Sevilla
Sevilla la Nueva
Somosierra
Soto del Real
Talamanca de Jarama
Tielmes
Titulcia
Torrejón de la Calzada
Torrejón de Velasco
Torrelaguna
Torrelodones
Torremocha de Jarama
Torres de la Alameda
Valdaracete
Valdeavero
Valdelaguna
Valdemanco
Valdemaqueda
Valdemorillo
Valdeolmos-Alalpardo
Valdepiélagos
Valdetorres de Jarama
Valdilecha
Valverde de Alcalá
El Vellón
Venturada
Villa del Prado
Villaconejos
Villalbilla
Villamanrique de Tajo
Villamanta
Villamantilla
Villanueva de la Cañada
Villanueva del Pardillo
Villanueva de Perales
Villar del Olmo
Villarejo de Salvanés
Villavieja del Lozoya
Zarzalejo
v t e
Capitals of provinces of Spain
A Coruña Albacete Alicante Almería Ávila Badajoz Barcelona Bilbao Burgos Cáceres Cádiz Castellón de la Plana Ciudad Real Córdoba Cuenca Donostia-San Sebastián Girona Granada Guadalajara Huelva Huesca Jaén Logroño Las Palmas León Lleida Lugo Madrid Málaga Murcia Ourense Oviedo Palencia Palma Pamplona Pontevedra Salamanca Santander Santa Cruz Segovia Seville Soria Tarragona Teruel Toledo Valencia Valladolid Vitoria-Gasteiz Zamora Zaragoza
v t e
Capitals of autonomous communities of Spain
Seville
Seville (Andalusia)
Zaragoza
Zaragoza (Aragon)
Oviedo
Oviedo (Asturias)
Palma (Balearic Islands)
Vitoria-Gasteiz
Vitoria-Gasteiz (Basque Country)
Santa Cruz &
Las Palmas
Las Palmas (Canary Islands)
Santander (Cantabria)
Toledo (Castile–La Mancha)
Valladolid
Valladolid (de facto, Castile and León)
Barcelona
Barcelona (Catalonia)
Mérida (Extremadura)
Santiago de Compostela
Santiago de Compostela (Galicia)
Logroño
_in_Logroño.jpg/500px-View_of_Paseo_del_Príncipe_de_Vergara_(El_Espolón)_in_Logroño.jpg)
Logroño (La Rioja)
Madrid
Madrid (Community of Madrid)
Murcia
Murcia (Region of Murcia)
Pamplona
Pamplona (Navarre)
Valencia
.jpg/400px-Valencia-Zenit_(11).jpg)
Valencia (Valencian Community)
Ceuta1
Melilla1
1 Autonomous cities.
Madrid
Madrid in the European Union
v t e
Capitals of European states and territories
Capitals of dependent territories and states whose sovereignty is disputed shown in italics.
Western
Amsterdam, Netherlands1
Andorra
Andorra la Vella, Andorra
Bern, Switzerland
Brussels, Belgium2
Douglas, Isle of Man (UK)
Dublin, Ireland
London, United Kingdom
Luxembourg, Luxembourg
Paris, France
Saint Helier, Jersey (UK)
Saint Peter Port, Guernsey (UK)
Northern
Copenhagen, Denmark Helsinki, Finland Longyearbyen, Svalbard (Norway) Mariehamn, Åland Islands (Finland) Nuuk, Greenland (Denmark) Olonkinbyen, Jan Mayen (Norway) Oslo, Norway Reykjavík, Iceland Stockholm, Sweden Tórshavn, Faroe Islands (Denmark)
Central
Berlin, Germany Bratislava, Slovakia Budapest, Hungary Ljubljana, Slovenia Prague, Czech Republic Vaduz, Liechtenstein Vienna, Austria Warsaw, Poland
Southern
Ankara, Turkey3 Athens, Greece Belgrade, Serbia Bucharest, Romania Gibraltar, Gibraltar (UK) Lisbon, Portugal Madrid, Spain Monaco, Monaco Nicosia, Cyprus4 North Nicosia, Northern Cyprus4, 5 Podgorica, Montenegro Pristina, Kosovo5 Rome, Italy San Marino, San Marino Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Skopje, Macedonia Sofia, Bulgaria Tirana, Albania Valletta, Malta Vatican City, Vatican City Zagreb, Croatia
Eastern
Astana, Kazakhstan3 Baku, Azerbaijan3 Chișinău, Moldova Kiev, Ukraine Minsk, Belarus Moscow, Russia3 Riga, Latvia Stepanakert, Artsakh4, 5 Sukhumi, Abkhazia3, 5 Tallinn, Estonia Tbilisi, Georgia3 Tiraspol, Transnistria5 Tskhinvali, South Ossetia3, 5 Vilnius, Lithuania Yerevan, Armenia3
1 Also the capital of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
2 Also the seat of the European Union, see Institutional seats of
the
European Union
European Union and
Brussels
Brussels and the European Union
3 Transcontinental country
4 Entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio-political
connections with Europe
5 Partially recognised country
v t e
Capital cities of the member states of the European Union
Netherlands: Amsterdam
Greece: Athens
Germany: Berlin
Slovakia: Bratislava
Belgium: Brussels
Romania: Bucharest
Hungary: Budapest
Denmark: Copenhagen
Ireland: Dublin
Finland: Helsinki
Portugal: Lisbon
Slovenia: Ljubljana
United Kingdom: London
Luxembourg: Luxembourg
Spain: Madrid
Cyprus: Nicosia
France: Paris
Czech Republic: Prague
Latvia: Riga
Italy: Rome
Bulgaria: Sofia
Sweden: Stockholm
Estonia: Tallinn
Malta: Valletta
Austria: Vienna
Lithuania: Vilnius
Poland: Warsaw
Croatia: Zagreb
v t e
European Capitals of Culture
1985
Athens
1986
Florence
1987
Amsterdam
1988
West Berlin
1989
Paris
1990
Glasgow
1991
Dublin
1992
Madrid
1993
Antwerp
1994
Lisbon
1995
Luxembourg
Luxembourg City
1996
Copenhagen
1997
Thessaloniki
1998
Stockholm
1999
Weimar
2000
Reykjavík
Bergen
Helsinki
Brussels
Prague
Kraków
Santiago
Santiago de Compostela
Avignon
Bologna
2001
Rotterdam
Porto
2002
Bruges
Salamanca
2003
Graz
Plovdiv
2004
Genoa
Lille
2005
Cork
2006
Patras
2007
Luxembourg City
Luxembourg City and Greater Region
Sibiu
2008
Liverpool
Stavanger
2009
Linz
Vilnius
2010
Ruhr
Istanbul
Pécs
2011
Turku
Tallinn
2012
Maribor
Guimarães
2013
Košice
Marseille
2014
Umeå
Riga
2015
Mons
Plzeň
2016
San Sebastián
Wrocław
2017
Aarhus
Paphos
2018
Valletta
Leeuwarden
2019
Plovdiv
Matera
2020
Rijeka
Galway
2021
Timișoara
Elefsina
Novi Sad
2022
Kaunas
Esch-sur-Alzette
v t e
European Capitals of Sport
2001 Madrid 2002 Stockholm 2003 Glasgow 2004 Alicante 2005 Rotterdam 2006 Copenhagen 2007 Stuttgart 2008 Warsaw 2009 Milan 2010 Dublin 2011 Valencia 2012 Istanbul 2013 Antwerp 2014 Cardiff 2015 Turin 2016 Prague 2017 Marseille 2018 Sofia 2019 Budapest 2020 Málaga 2021 Lisboa 2022 The Hague
v t e
Eurovision
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Countries
Active
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Former
Lebanon Serbia and Montenegro Yugoslavia
Relations
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v t e
World Book Capitals
2001: Madrid 2002: Alexandria 2003: New Delhi 2004: Antwerp 2005: Montreal 2006: Turin 2007: Bogotá 2008: Amsterdam 2009: Beirut 2010: Ljubljana 2011: Buenos Aires 2012: Yerevan 2013: Bangkok 2014: Port Harcourt 2015: Incheon 2016: Wrocław 2017: Conakry 2018: Athens 2019: Sharjah
Authority control
WorldCat Identities VIAF: 155864429 LCCN: n78089046 GND: 4036862-2 SELIBR: 15