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≈ public limited company (UK, Ireland and the Commonwealth)
≈
Ltd.
Ltd. (UK, Ireland and the Commonwealth)
≈ limited partnership
= unlimited partnership
= chartered company
= statutory company
= holding company
= subsidiary company
= one man company (sole proprietor)
= NGOs
However, the regulations governing particular types of entity, even those described as roughly equivalent, differ from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. When creating or restructuring a business, the legal responsibilities will depend on the type of business entity chosen.[1]
Contents
1 Albania
2 Argentina
3 Australia
4 Austria
5 Belarus
6 Belgium
7 Bosnia and Herzegovina
8 Brazil
9 Brunei
10 Bulgaria
11 Cambodia
12 Canada
13 Chile
14 China
15 Colombia
16 Croatia
17 Czech Republic
18 Denmark
19 Dominican Republic
20 Ecuador
21 Egypt
22 Estonia
23 Ethiopia
24
European Economic Area
European Economic Area (including the European Union)
25 Finland
26 France
27 Germany
28 Greece
29 Guatemala
30 Haiti
31 Hong Kong
32 Hungary
33 Iceland
34 India
35 Indonesia
36 Iran
37 Ireland
38 Israel
39 Italy
40 Japan
41 Jordan
42 Kazakhstan
43 Korea, South
44 Latvia
45 Lebanon
46 Lithuania
47 Luxembourg
48 Macedonia
49 Malaysia
50 Mexico
51 Mongolia
52 Montenegro
53 Morocco
54 Namibia
55 Nepal
56 Netherlands
57 New Zealand
58 Nicaragua
59 Nigeria
60 Norway
61 Oman
62 Pakistan
63 Peru
64 Philippines
65 Poland
66 Portugal
67 Romania
68 Russia
69 Saudi Arabia
70 Serbia
71 Singapore
72 Slovakia
73 Slovenia
74 South Africa
75 Spain
76 Sweden
77 Switzerland
78 Taiwan
79 Thailand
80 Turkey
81 Tunisia
82 Ukraine
83 United Kingdom
84 United States
84.1
Tax
Tax classifications
84.2 Federally incorporated
84.3 State, territory or commonwealth incorporated
84.3.1 Partnerships 84.3.2 Limited Liability Companies 84.3.3 Corporations
85 Uzbekistan 86 Vietnam 87 See also 88 References 89 External links
Albania[edit]
Sh.A. (Shoqëri Aksionere): ≈ PLC (UK)
Sh.p.k. (Shoqëri me përgjegjësi të kufizuar): ≈
Ltd.
Ltd. (UK)
Shoqëri komandite: ≈ limited partnership
Shoqëri kolektive: ≈ general partnership
Argentina[edit]
S.A. (Sociedad Anónima): ≈ plc (UK)
S.R.L. (Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada): ≈
Ltd.
Ltd. (UK): ≈
limited liability company[2](USA)
S.C.S. (Sociedad en Comandita Simple): ≈ limited partnership
S.C.p.A. (Sociedad en Comandita por Acciones): limited partnership
with shares
Soc.Col. (Sociedad Colectiva): ≈ general partnership (USA)
S.C.e I. (Sociedad de Capital e Industria)
S.E. (Sociedad del Estado): ≈ state-owned enterprise
S.G.R. (Sociedad de Garantía Reciproca)[3][4]
Australia[edit]
ILP (Incorporated limited partnership): used for venture capital
investments comes in four types: Venture Capital Limited Partnership
(VCLP), Early-stage Venture Capital Limited
Partnership
Partnership (ESCVLP),
Australian Venture Capital Fund of Funds (AFOF), Venture Capital
Management
Management
Partnership
Partnership (VCMP).[5]
See also: Corporations Act 2001
Inc. (Incorporated): restricted to non-profit associations
Ltd.
Ltd. (Limited): ≈ plc (UK). The suffix
Ltd.
Ltd. may also be used by a
private company limited by guarantee, such as a charity or university
(these may obtain dispensation from the Registrar of
Companies
Companies to
operate without the suffix).
NL (No liability): A type of mining, speculative, or research company
with no right to call up the unpaid issue price of shares.
Pty.
Ltd.
Ltd. (Proprietary Limited Company): ≈
Ltd.
Ltd. (UK) ATF Trust. In
Australia
Australia companies can act as a trustee for a trust.
Pty. (Unlimited Proprietary) company with a share capital: A company,
similar to its limited company (Ltd., or Pty. Ltd.) counterpart, but
where the liability of the members or shareholders is not limited.
Austria[edit]
Gen (Genossenschaft; types: Erwerbs- und Wirtschaftsgenossenschaft): ≈ cooperative Privatstiftung: ≈ private foundation Verein: ≈ nonprofit association European business entities e.U. (eingetragenes Einzelunternehmen): ≈ sole trader (UK), sole proprietorship (US) Kapitalgesellschaften: ≈ companies
AG (Aktiengesellschaft): ≈ plc (UK). Minimum capital €70,000.
GmbH
GmbH (Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung): ≈
Ltd.
Ltd. (UK). Minimum
capital €35,000.
Personengesellschaften: ≈ partnerships
unincorporated (i.e. unregistered and without legal personality):
stG (stille Gesellschaft): ≈ partnership by estoppel (i.e., no partnership agreement) GesbR (Gesellschaft des bürgerlichen Rechts): ≈ partnership by contract (i.e., formed by partnership agreement); statutes and regulations concerning Austrian companies, especially with regards to the companies register (Firmenbuch), do not apply.
incorporated (i.e. registered and with legal personality):
OG (offene Gesellschaft): ≈ general partnership KG (Kommanditgesellschaft): ≈ limited partnership
GmbH
GmbH & Co. KG: KG in which a
GmbH
GmbH is the general partner.
Obsolete:
Erwerbsgesellschaft: small-sized partnerships (not qualifying as OG or KG, respectively. Converted into OGs or KGs as of 1. 1. 2007)
OEG (Offene Erwerbsgesellschaft): small general partnership KEG (Kommanditerwerbsgesellschaft): small limited partnership
See also help.gv.at (Austrian government site, in German) Belarus[edit]
Name in Belarusian Name in Russian Type Note
Адкрытае акцыянернае таварыства, ААТ Открытое акционерное общество, ОАО ≈ plc (UK), open
Закрытае ацыянернае таварыства, ЗАТ Закрытое акционерное общество, ЗАО ≈ plc (UK), closed
Індывідуальны прадпрымальнік Индивидуальный предприниматель sole proprietorship does not possess legal personality
Прыватнае унітарнае прадпрыемства, ПУП Частное унитарное предприятие, ЧУП private unitary enterprise
Таварыства з абмежаванай адказнасцю,
ТАА
Общество с ограниченной
ответственностью, ООО
≈
Ltd.
Ltd. (UK)
Belgium[edit] Dutch, French or German names may be used.
foundations:
private stichting / fondation privée: ≈ private foundation stichting van openbaar nut / fondation d'utilité publique: ≈ public foundation
coentreprises (joint ventures):
ESV (economisch samenwerkingsverband) / GIE (groupement d'intérêt économique): ≈ economic interest grouping stille handelsvennootschap / société interne: ≈ contractual joint venture (i.e., no JV company is created) tijdelijke handelsvennootschap / société momentanée: ≈ equity joint venture (i.e., JV company is created)
VZW (vereniging zonder winstoogmerk) / ASBL (association sans but
lucratif) / VoG (Vereinigung ohne Gewinnerzielungsabsicht): ≈
nonprofit association
vereniging in deelneming / SEP (société en participation): ≈
equity partnership
feitelijke vereniging / société de fait: ≈ de facto partnership,
partnership by estoppel
eenmanszaak / entreprise individuelle: ≈ sole trader (UK), sole
proprietorship (US)
VOF (vennootschap onder firma) / SNC (société en nom collectif): ≈
general partnership
Comm.V (gewone commanditaire vennootschap) / SCS (société en
commandite simple): ≈ limited partnership
Comm.VA (commanditaire vennootschap op aandelen) / SCA (société en
commandite par actions): ≈ publicly traded partnership
BVBA (besloten vennootschap met beperkte aansprakelijkheid) / SPRL
(société privée à responsabilité limitée): ≈
Ltd.
Ltd. (UK)
EBVBA (eenpersoons besloten vennootschap met beperkte aansprakelijkheid) / SPRLU (société privée à responsabilité limitée unipersonnelle): single member Ltd.
NV (naamloze vennootschap) / SA (societé anonyme): ≈ plc (UK) co-operative companies:
CVBA (coöperatieve vennootschap met beperkte aansprakelijkheid) / SCRL (société coopérative à responsabilité limitée): ≈ limited liability cooperative CVOA (coöperatieve vennootschap met onbeperkte aansprakelijkheid) / SCRI (société coopérative à responsabilité illimitée): ≈ unlimited liability cooperative
Bosnia and Herzegovina[edit]
d.d. (dioničko društvo): ≈ plc (UK) ≈ AG (Germany)
a.d. (akcionarsko društvo): ≈ plc (UK) ≈ AG (Germany)
d.n.o. (društvo s neograničenom solidarnom odgovornošću): ≈
general partnership
d.o.o. (društvo s ograničenom odgovornošću): ≈
Ltd.
Ltd. (UK) ≈
GmbH
GmbH (Germany)
k.d. (komanditno društvo): ≈ limited partnership
s.p. (samostalni preduzetnik): ≈
Sole proprietorship
Sole proprietorship (UK)
Brazil[edit]
Sociedade limitada (Ltda.): ≈
Ltd.
Ltd. (UK)
S.A. (Sociedade anônima): ≈ plc (UK)
Sociedade simples: PLLC
Sociedade em comandita simples: ≈ ordinary limited partnership
Sociedade em nome coletivo: ≈ general partnership
Sociedade em conta de participação: ≈ general partnership
Sociedade em comum: ≈ general partnership
Cooperativa ≈ cooperative
Empresa individual (firma individual): ≈ individual proprietorship /
sole proprietorship
Empresa Individual de Responsabilidade Limitada (EIRELI): Same as
Ltd., but without partners.
Micro empreendedor individual: ≈ individual enterprise
Empresa pública: ≈ Government-owned corporation
Sociedade de economia mista: ≈ Government-owned corporation
Associação em sentido estrito (sem finalidade lucrativa): ≈
nonprofit association
Organização não governamental: ≈ nonprofit association
Organização da sociedade civil de interesse público: ≈ nonprofit
association
Organização social: ≈ nonprofit association
Serviços sociais autônomos: ≈ nonprofit association
Fundação privada: ≈ private foundation
Fundação pública: ≈ public foundation
Brunei[edit] There are three main types of business entity in Brunei, namely sole proprietorship, partnership and company.[6] A private company contains the term "Sendirian Berhad" or "Sdn. Bhd." as part of its name where as for a public company "Berhad" or "Bhd." is used.[7] Bulgaria[edit]
AD / АД (aktsionerno drujestvo / акционерно
дружество): joint stock company ≈ plc (UK)
ADSITz / АДСИЦ (aktsionerno druzhestvo sus spetsialna
investitsionna tsel / акционерно дружество със
специална инвестиционна цел): real estate
investment trust
EAD / ЕАД (ednolichno aktsionerno druzhestvo / еднолично
акционерно дружество): type of AD with a single
member
EOOD / ЕООД (ednolichno druzhestvo s ogranichena otgovornost /
еднолично дружество с ограничена
отговорност): type of OOD with a single member
ET / ЕТ (ednolichen turgovetz / едноличен
търговец): sole proprietorship
OOD / ООД (drujestvo s ogranichena otgovornost / дружество
с ограничена отговорност): ≈
Ltd.
Ltd. (UK)
KD / КД (komanditno druzhestvo / командитно
дружество): ≈ limited partnership
KDA / КДА (komanditno druzhestvo s aktzii / командитно
дружество с акции): limited partnership with shares
SD / СД (subiratelno druzhestvo / събирателно
дружество): ≈ general partnership, but having legal
personality
Cambodia[edit]
SP (Sole Proprietorship)
GP (General Partnership)
LP (Limited Partnership)
SM Pte
Ltd.
Ltd. (Single Member Private Limited Company):
Pte
Ltd.
Ltd. (Private Limited Company): ≈ [private limited company
(Ltd.)] (UK)
Plc
Ltd.
Ltd. (Public Limited Company): ≈ plc (UK)
PEEC (Public Establishment with Economic characteristics)
State Company: ≈ plc
State Joint Venture Company: ≈ plc
Import Export Co., Ltd
Canada[edit]
In
Canada
Canada entities can be incorporated under either federal or
provincial (or territorial) law.
Unlimited liability
Unlimited liability corporations can
be formed in Alberta "AULC" and Nova Scotia "NSULC".
The word or expression "Limited", Limitée, "Incorporated",
Incorporée, "Corporation" or Société par actions de régime
fédéral or the corresponding abbreviation "Ltd.", Ltée, "Inc.",
"Corp." or S.A.R.F. forms part of the name of every entity
incorporated under the
Canada
Canada
Business
Business Corporations Act (R.S., 1985,
c. C-44). ≈
Ltd.
Ltd. or Plc (UK)
As an exception, entities registered prior to 1985 may continue to be
designated Société commerciale canadienne or by the abbreviation
S.C.C.
Under the
Canada
Canada Cooperatives Act (1998, c. 1), a co-operative must
have the word "cooperative", "co-operative", "coop", "co-op",
coopérative, "united" or "pool", or another grammatical form of any
of those words, as part of its name.
Unlike in many other Western countries, Canadian businesses generally
only have one form of incorporation available. The aforementioned AULC
and NSULC are generally not used as operating business structures, but
are instead used to create favorable tax positions for either
Americans investing in
Canada
Canada or vice versa.[8]
Rather, Canadian businesses are generally formed under one of the
following structures:
SP (Sole Proprietorship): No formal business structure is established GP (General Partnership): Either a formal structure with a partnership agreement, or an informal structure, in which case the Partnerships Act for the province will apply LP (Limited Partnership): An investment structure, limiting both the liability and the participation of the investor. An investor who takes an active role will be deemed a general partner, and become exposed to unlimited liability. Corporation Joint Venture: A business activity shared by two or more business entities. The joint venture's activities must be finite in terms of either time or scope.
Chile[edit]
SpA (Sociedad por acciones): limited partnership with shares
EIRL (Empresa Individual de Responsabilidad Limitada): individual
enterprise with limited liability
S.A. (Sociedad Anónima): ≈ plc (UK)
S.G.R. (Sociedad de Garantia Reciproca)[9]
LTDA. (Sociedad de responsabilidad limitada): ≈
Ltd.
Ltd. (UK)
China[edit]
有限公司 (Yǒuxiàn Gōngsī): ≈
Ltd.
Ltd. (UK). See also Partnership
(China).
股份有限公司 (Gǔfèn Yǒuxiàn Gōngsī): ≈ plc (UK),
joint-stock company, corporation.
无限责任公司 (Wúxiàn Zérèn Gōngsī): ≈ unlimited
liability company.
有限责任股份公司 (Yǒuxiàn Zérèn Gǔfèn Gōngsī): ≈
share-holding limited liability company.
Colombia[edit]
S.A. (Sociedad Anónima): ≈ plc (UK),
Corporation
Corporation (US)
S.A.S. (Sociedades por Acciones Simplificada): Similar to the French
S.A.S (societé par actions simplifiée)
Ltda. (Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada): ≈
Ltd.
Ltd. (UK), LLC (US)
S.C. (Sociedad Colectiva): General partnership
S. en C. (Comandita Simple): Limited partnership
S.C.A. (Comandita por Acciones): Publicly traded partnership
E.U. (Empresa Unipersonal): Sole proprietorship
Croatia[edit] Types of legal person business entities:[10]
d.d. (dioničko društvo): ≈ plc (UK)
d.o.o. (društvo s ograničenom odgovornošću): ≈
Ltd.
Ltd. (UK);
minimum capital: HRK 20,000[11]
j.d.o.o. (jednostavno društvo s ograničenom odgovornošću): simple
Ltd.; minimum capital: HRK 10 (same liabilities as an Ltd., but
annually has to set aside 25% of profit to collect enough equity
capital to become d.o.o.)[12]
j.t.d. (javno trgovačko društvo): ≈ general partnership
k.d. (komanditno društvo): ≈ limited partnership
GIU (gospodarsko interesno udruženje): economic interest grouping
zadruga: cooperative[13]
Types of natural person business entities:
obrt: ≈ sole proprietorship; several types: slobodni, vezani, and povlašteni obrt (free, tied, and privileged proprietorship registered according to profession; tied and privileged proprietorships are those only master craftsmen can register,) paušalni obrt, obrt-dohodaš, obrt-dobitaš (flat-rate proprietorship, income tax p., profits tax p.; these are registered according to the type of taxation; first two are obligated to pay income tax and the last one is obligated to pay profits tax), sezonski obrt (seasonal proprietorship, that runs for a limited number of months during a year)[14] ortakluk: partnership of two or more sole proprietors slobodna djelatnost: free profession; self-employment but only for certain types of professions: e.g. artists, journalists, lawyers, etc.; freelancing (similar to sole proprietors in their obligations) domaća radinost and sporedno zanimanje: home business and side profession; limited forms of self-employment aimed at registering supplementary income from, say, small repairs or hobbies[15] OPG (obiteljsko poljoprivredno gospodarstvo): family run agricultural business[16]
Czech Republic[edit]
a.s., akc. spol. (Akciová společnost): ≈ plc (UK). Minimum share capital CZK 2 000 000. Must have a supervisory board in addition to the management board.[17] s.r.o., spol. s r.o. (Společnost s ručením omezeným): ≈ Ltd. (UK) Minimum share capital CZK 1[18] v.o.s. (veřejná obchodní společnost): ≈ general partnership k.s. (komanditní společnost): ≈ limited partnership o.p.s. (obecně prospěšná společnost): ≈ One of the legal forms for non-governmental non-profit organizations živnost: ≈ Sole proprietorship s.p. (státní podnik): ≈ state enterprise příspěvková organizace: ≈ subsidized organization z.s. (zapsaný spolek) ≈ Voluntary association. Formerly o.s. (Občanské sdružení.)
Denmark[edit]
Enkeltmandsvirksomhed: sole proprietorship Forening: ≈ association I/S (Interessentskab): ≈ general partnership. IVS (Iværksætterselskab): private limited company startup with limited equity capital. Must use 25% of profit to collect enough equity capital to become an ApS. ApS (Anpartsselskab): private limited company. A/S (Aktieselskab): public limited company. K/S (Kommanditselskab): limited partnership P/S (Partnerselskab or Kommanditaktieselskab): partnership limited by shares A.M.B.A. (Andelsselskab med begrænset ansvar): limited liability co-operative. F.M.B.A. (Forening med begrænset ansvar): limited liability voluntary association. S.M.B.A. (Selskab med begrænset ansvar): limited liability company. Partsrederi: A form of combined and continued ownership of a merchant vessel. Erhvervsdrivende fond: commercial foundation G/S (Gensidigt selskab): mutual organization
Dominican Republic[edit]
C. por A. (Compañía por Acciones), also abbreviated CXA[19]
S.A. (Sociedad Anónima): ≈ public limited company
S.A.S (
Sociedad Anónima
Sociedad Anónima Simplificada): ≈ [(Simplified public
limited company)]
SRL. (Sociedad de Resposabilidad Limitada): ≈ Limited Liability
Company
EIRL. (Empresa Individual de Responsabilidad Limitada): ≈ [(Sole
proprietor Limited Liability Company)]
Sociedad En Comandita Simple.
Ecuador[edit]
S.A. (Sociedad Anónima): ≈ public limited company C.A. (Compañía Anónima) Cía. Ltda. (Compañía Limitada): ≈ Limited Liability Company EP (Empresa Pública)
Egypt[edit]
SAE (Sharikat al-Mossahamah) ≈ plc (UK). Minimum capital EGP
250,000.
LLC (Limited Liability Company) ≈
Ltd.
Ltd. (UK). No Minimum capital .
Sharikat Tadamun ≈ شركة تضامن general partnership
Sharikat Tawssiyah Bassita ≈ شركات توصية بسيطة
limited partnership
Sharikat Tawssiyah Belashom ≈ LLP
Estonia[edit]
FIE (Füüsilisest isikust ettevõtja): ≈ sole trader (UK), sole proprietorship (US) Partnerships:
UÜ (Usaldusühing): ≈ limited partnership TÜ (Täisühing): ≈ general partnership
Companies:
OÜ (Osaühing): ≈ (Ltd.) private limited company (UK), (LLC) limited liability company (US) AS (Aktsiaselts): ≈ (PLC) public limited company (UK), corporation (US)
Tulundusühistu: ≈ commercial association MTÜ (Mittetulundusühing) ≈ nonprofit organization
Ethiopia[edit]
PLC (
Private limited company
Private limited company Amharic ሃላፊነቱ የተወሰነ
የግል ማህበር)
SC (Share company Amharic አክሲዩን ማህበር)
CS (cooperative societies Amharic ህብረት ስራ ማህበራት)
PE or PC (public enterprises or public corporations Amharic
የመንግስት ልማት ድርጅቶች or ኮርፖሬሽን)
European Economic Area
European Economic Area (including the European Union)[edit]
Partnerships:
EEIG
EEIG (European Economic Interest Grouping): an EU legal entity
designed to enable cross-border cooperation between companies. It has
unlimited liability and is not liable for corporation tax.
Companies:
SCE (Societas Cooperativa Europaea): a European
Cooperative
Cooperative (Societas
Cooperativa Europaea is
Latin
Latin for "European
Cooperative
Cooperative Society").
SE (Societas Europaea): a European (Public) Limited
Company
Company (Societas
Europaea is
Latin
Latin for "European Company").
(proposed) SPE (Societas Privata Europaea): a European private limited
company, corresponding to Ltd., GmbH, etc. This form of company is
currently being proposed by the European Commission.
An SE or SCE may be created by registration in any of the EU/EEA
Member States, and is subject to the European
Company
Company Statute. It may
relocate its registered office to any other EU/EEA Member State with
minimal formalities.
Finland[edit]
General economic entities
Ay (avoin yhtiö, Swedish: öppet bolag): ≈ general partnership (use
optional)
Ky (kommandiittiyhtiö, Swedish: kommanditbolag, Kb): ≈ limited
partnership
Oy (osakeyhtiö, Swedish: aktiebolag, Ab): ≈
Ltd.
Ltd. (UK). Minimum
share capital €2500.
Oyj (julkinen osakeyhtiö, Swedish: publikt aktiebolag, Abp): ≈ plc
(UK)
osk (osuuskunta, Swedish: andelslag, Anl.): ≈ cooperative
T:mi (toiminimi), Yksityinen elinkeinonharjoittaja (Swedish:
firma/F:ma, enskild näringsidkare): sole proprietorship (use
optional)
The abbreviations are usually in Finnish, but Swedish names may also be used either as is or in combination with Finnish, e.g. Oy Yritys Ab.
Non-profit entities
rekisteröity yhdistys, abbr. ry (Swedish: förening, abbr. rf): registered association, capable of acting as a legal person rekisteröity puolue, abbr. rp Swedish: registrerat parti): registered political party säätiö, abbr. rs (Swedish: stiftelse): foundation uskonnollinen yhdyskunta (Swedish: religionssamfund), religious community[20] voluntary associations chartered by statute law (e.g. Finnish Red Cross,[21] National Defence Training Association of Finland, Finnish Bar Association[22])
For-profit entities of public law
valtion liikelaitos (Swedish: statens affärsverk): commercial government agency, expected to fund themselves, but debts directly backed by state funds—distinguished from regular companies where the government owns stock. (See: List of Finnish government enterprises) kunnallinen liikelaitos (Swedish: kommunal affärsverk): municipal enterprise, similar as previous but run by a municipality paliskunta: a reindeer herding corporation, governed like a stock company except that the "stocks" are reindeer[23]
Economic entities for special purpose
asunto-osakeyhtiö (Swedish: bostadsaktiebolag), a limited liability company for the ownership, construction and maintenance of an apartment building[24] julkinen keskinäinen vakuutusyhtiö, abbreviated jy (Swedish: publikt ömsesidigt försäkringsbolag),[25] public mutual insurance company keskinäinen kiinteistöosakeyhtiö (Swedish: ömsesidiga fastighetsaktiebolag,[26] a limited liability company for the ownership, maintenance and construction of real property. keskinäinen vakuutusyhtiö (Swedish: ömsesidigt försäkringsbolag),[25] mutual insurance company laivaisännistöyhtiö (Swedish: partrederi), a type of general partnership for the owning of a merchantman[27] säästöpankki (Swedish: sparbank),[28] a type of loans and savings association
Real estate law corporations
In the corporations of real estate law, the ownership or membership may be vested either in the real property or in a legal or natural person, depending on the corporation type. In many cases, the membership or ownership of such corporation is obligatory for a person or property that fulfils the legal requirements for membership or wishes to engage in certain activities.
keskivedenkorkeuden muuttamista varten perustettu yhteisö (Swedish: Sammanslutning som bildas för höjning av medelvattenståndet),[29] a corporation of water law for the permanent change of the median water level ojitusyhteisö (Swedish: dikningssammanslutning),[30] a corporation of water law for the construction and maintenance of ditches säännöstely-yhteisö (Swedish: regleringssammanslutning),[30] a corporation of water law for the regulation of water level in a body of water tiekunta (Swedish: väglag), a type of limited-liability corporation for the maintenance of private road[31] uittoyhteisö (Swedish: flottningssammanslutning),[32] a corporation of water law for timber-floating vesioikeudellinen yhteisö (Swedish: vattenrättslig sammanslutning),[33] a corporation of water law for a project that involves economic use of bodies of water yhteisalue (Swedish: samfälliga område),[34] a corporation for the maintenance of a real property jointly used by several other properties or persons yhteismetsä (Swedish: samfälld skog),[35] a jointly owned forest osakaskunta (historically "jakokunta"), a partition unit, i.e. a corporation for maintenance of the commons.
In addition to native types,
European Union
European Union types are implemented:
SE (Eurooppayhtiö), European Company
SCE (Eurooppaosuuskunta), European
Cooperative
Cooperative Society
EEIG
EEIG (Eurooppalainen taloudellinen etuyhtymä, Swedish: europeisk
ekonomisk intressegruppering), European Economic Interest Grouping
France[edit]
Micro-entreprise: special framework for minute businesses, a recent addition to French business law -with both revenue and pre-tax net income caps, of which Auto-entrepreneur (below) is a special case Freelancers, individual independent contractors:
Auto-entrepreneur: ≈ self-employed (UK), independent contractor
(US), a recent addition to French business law -with both a revenue
cap and a specific set of derogatory income tax rates
Profession
Profession libérale: ≈ sole proprietorship such as a medical
practice, an enduring entity stemming from the protected status
designed for "liberal professions" with unlimited personal liability
Sociétés d'exercice libéral: the incorporated equivalent of the
latter, sole shareholder limited liability being key
EI (Entreprise individuelle/entreprise en nom personnel):
Investment funds/companies:
FCP (Fond commun de placement): unincorporated investment fund Société d'investissement à capital fixe: ≈ investment trust (UK); closed-end fund (CEF), closed-end company (US); listed investment company (LIC) (Au) SICAV (Société d'investissement à capital variable): ≈ investment company with variable capital (ICVC), open-ended investment company (OEIC) (UK); mutual fund, open-end company (US)
GIE (Groupement d'intérêt économique): economic interest grouping Association: ≈ nonprofit association
Association non-déclarée: ≈ unincorporated association (UK) Association déclarée: ≈ incorporated association (Au)
Partnerships
Partnerships (société de personnes):
SEP (Société en participation): ≈ equity partnership SNC (Société en nom collectif): ≈ general partnership (GP) SCS (Société en commandite simple): ≈ limited partnership (LP) SCA (Société en commandite par actions): ≈ publicly traded partnership (PTP) (US) SCI (Société Civile Immobilière): ≈ French property company (SCI)
Companies
Companies (société de capitaux):
share companies (both partnership and company)
SARL, SàRL (Société à responsabilité limitée): ≈ private limited company (Ltd.) (UK), limited liability company (US)
EURL (Entreprise unipersonnelle à responsabilité limitée): ≈ single shareholder limited company (SME Pvt) (UK)
stock companies (société par actions)
SA (Société anonyme): ≈ public limited company (plc) (UK), corporation (US/Can)
SCOP (
Société coopérative
Société coopérative de production): ≈ cooperative
corporation (Can)
SEM (Société d'économie mixte): ≈ government-owned corporation
SAS (Société par actions simplifiée): ≈ unlisted public company (Au), close corporation (CC) (S. Africa), private corporation (Can); often used for subsidiaries; minimum of one director and two members/shareholders; no limit on share capital; liability can be restricted to director; no "one share - one vote" principle
SASU (U- unipersonnelle): limited liability, sole shareholder Ltd. company (UK) or single member close corporation
Germany[edit]
individuals
Einzelunternehmen: individual entrepreneur ≈ sole trader (UK), sole proprietorship; only professional services, agriculture and forestry as well as small commercial businesses Eingetragener Kaufmann (male/both genders)/eingetragene Kauffrau (female) (e.K./e.Kfm./e.Kfr.): registered merchant ≈ sole trader (UK), sole proprietorship (US); individual entrepreneur with commercial business (Handelsgewerbe)
partnerships (Personengesellschaften )
Gesellschaft bürgerlichen Rechts (GbR), BGB-Gesellschaft:[36] simple partnership; no minimum capital, two or more partners, unlimited liability of partners, no commercial business (Handelsgewerbe) that is not small.
nicht-eingetragener Verein: un-incorporated association; non-commercial/idealistic purposes only; similar to e.V.
commercial partnerships (Personenhandelsgesellschaften)
Offene Handelsgesellschaft (OHG): literally "open business company"
≈ general partnership: no minimum capital, unlimited liability of
partners; GbR with commercial business (Handelsgewerbe)
Kommanditgesellschaft
Kommanditgesellschaft (KG) ≈ limited partnership
In case the general partner is a limited company, the legal form of the general partner must be included in the name of the company, resulting in combined legal forms such as:
GmbH
GmbH & Co. KG: the general partner is a GmbH
AG & Co. KG: the general partner is an AG
GmbH
GmbH & Co. OHG: each of the general partners are a GmbH
Partnerschaftsgesellschaft (PartG): partnership company; only for professional services
Partnerschaftsgesellschaft mit beschränkter Berufshaftung (PartGmbBH): partnership company with limited professional liability ≈ limited liability partnership (US); only for professional services
Partenreederei: combined and continued ownership of a single merchant vessel; no longer available for new businesses since 24 April 2013.
corporations
eingetragener Verein (e.V.): incorporated association; non-commercial/idealistic purposes only, commercial business cannot be the main purpose of the e.V.
altrechtlicher Verein/rechtsfähiger Verein (r.V.): association established before 1 January 1900; extremely rare wirtschaftlicher Verein: commercial purpose, established by public grant; rare
Companies
Companies limited by shares (equity) (Kapitalgesellschaften)
Kommanditgesellschaft
Kommanditgesellschaft auf Aktien (KGaA): ≈ publicly traded
partnership (US); although it is a company limited by shares, the KGaA
has at least one general partner whose liability is not limited
As with the KG, the legal form of the general partner must be included if it is another limited company, resulting in combined legal forms such as:
GmbH
GmbH & Co. KGaA: the general partner is a GmbH
AG & Co. KGaA: the general partner is an AG
Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung
Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (GmbH; English:
/ˈɡeɪɛmbeɪhɑː/; German pronunciation: [ˈgeːɛmbeːˌhaː]):
company with limited liability ≈ private limited company (Ltd.)
(UK), limited liability company (LLC) (US); at least one shareholder;
minimum equity €25,000.
The "mit beschränkter Haftung (mbH)" suffix (English: /ɛmbeɪhɑː/;
German pronunciation: [ˈɛmbeːˌhaː]) ("with limited liability") is
sometimes added to the name of a firm that already ends in
"-gesellschaft" ("company"), e.g., "Mustermann
Dental-Handelsgesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung" ("dental trading
company with limited liability"), which would be abbreviated as
"Mustermann Dental-Handelsgesellschaft mbH".
Unternehmergesellschaft (haftungsbeschränkt) (UG
(haftungsbeschränkt)): literally "entrepreneurship company (with
limited liability)": identical to
GmbH
GmbH but with a minimum capital of
€1 (times the number of shares); part of earnings needs to remain in
the company to reach a minimum equity of €25,000.
Aktiengesellschaft
Aktiengesellschaft (AG): literally "stock company" ≈ public limited
company (plc) (UK), corporation (US); minimum seven Minimum capital
€50,000; the word haftungsbeschränkt ("with limited liability") may
not be abbreviated
eingetragene Genossenschaft (e.G.): registered cooperative Körperschaft des öffentlichen Rechts: corporation under public law; main purpose is non-commercial, part of public administration
others
Stiftung ≈ (private) foundation, trust Stiftung des öffentlichen Rechts: foundation under public law; main purpose is non-commercial, part of public administration Anstalt des öffentlichen Rechts: institution under public law; main purpose is non-commercial, part of public administration
Greece[edit]
A.E. (Anónimi Etaireía / Ανώνυμη Εταιρεία, Α.Ε.): ≈ plc (UK), minimum capital €24,000
A.V.E.E. (Anónimi Viomichanikí Emborikí Etaireía / Ανώνυμη Βιομηχανική Εμπορική Εταιρεία, Α.Β.Ε.Ε.)
E.E. (Eterórrithmi Etaireía / Ετερόρρυθμη Εταιρία,
Ε.Ε.): limited partnership
E.P.E. (Etaireía Periorisménis Efthínis / Εταιρεία
Περιορισμένης Ευθύνης, Ε.Π.Ε.): ≈
Ltd.
Ltd. (UK),
no minimum capital
M.E.P.E. (Monoprósopi Etaireía Periorisménis Efthínis / Μονοπρόσωπη Ε.Π.Ε., Μ.Ε.Π.Ε.): type of E.P.E. with a single member
O.E. (Omórrithmi Etaireía / Ομόρρυθμη Εταιρεία, Ο.Ε.): general partnership
O.V.E.E. (Omórrithmi Viomichanikí Emborikí Etaireía / Ομόρρυθμη Βιομηχανική Εμπορική Εταιρεία, Ο.Β.Ε.Ε.)
I.K.E. (Idiotiki Kefalaiouchiki Etaireía / Ιδιωτική Κεφαλαιουχική Εταιρεία) = Private Company, minimum capital=€0. The shares do not take the form just of capital but also warranties, labor offer etc. This form is a composite form between A.E. E.P.E and O.E. which is greatly affected by the Articles of Incorporation.
Guatemala[edit]
y Cía. S. C. (Sociedad Colectiva) y Cía. S. en C. (Sociedad en Comandita Simple) Cía. Ltda. (Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada) S. A. (Sociedad Anónima) Cía. S. C. A (Sociedad en Comandita por Acciones)
Haiti[edit]
Standardized Company; Legal Form,
Sociedad Anónima
Sociedad Anónima (SA) – Stock
Corporation; Minimum Capital Requirement, 25,000
Hong Kong[edit]
Ltd (Limited/有限公司): may denote either a private or public
company limited by shares, or a company limited by guarantee. Under
the
Companies
Companies Ordinance, the name of a
Hong Kong
Hong Kong incorporated company
may be registered in English, Chinese, or both.
Unltd or Ultd (Unlimited/無限公司): similar to a limited liability
company (Ltd) but whose members or shareholders do not benefit from
limited liability should the company ever go into formal liquidation.
It is not a requirement under company law to add or state the word or
designation Unlimited (無限公司) or its abbreviations (Unltd or
Ultd) at the ending of its legal company name, and most unlimited
companies do not.
Hungary[edit]
In Hungary, business entities are mainly regulated by the Companies
Act of 2006,[37] the
Companies
Companies Registration Act of 2006 and the new
Civil Code of 2013.[38] All companies are required to indicate their
type in their name.
Name Type Notes
e.v. (egyéni vállalkozó) sole trader must be a natural person
e.c. (egyéni cég) sole venture a company registered by and consisting of one sole trader
bt. (betéti társaság) limited partnership requires one general partner with unlimited liability and one or more members with limited liability
kkt. (közkereseti társaság) general partnership all members have unlimited liability
kft. (korlátolt felelősségű társaság) limited liability company company without stocks, the most common company type in Hungary[39]
kht. (közhasznú társaság) community interest company abolished in 2009, must operate as nonprofit company instead[40]
kv. (közös vállalat) joint venture abolished in 2006
rt. (részvénytársaság) joint-stock company replaced by Zrt. and Nyrt. in 2006
Nyrt. (nyilvánosan működő részvénytársaság) public limited company must be listed on a stock exchange
Zrt. (zártközűen működő részvénytársaság) privately held company not listed on stock exchange, otherwise the same as Nyrt.
szöv. (szövetkezet) cooperative
egyesülés interest grouping national version of European Economic Interest Grouping / EEIG
Iceland[edit]
Name Type Notes
ehf. einkahlutafélag
≈
Ltd.
Ltd. (UK)
Minimum capital: ISK 500,000 (£2,750; €3,260; $4,250). Minimum shareholders: 1.
einstaklingsfyrirtæki sole proprietorship
hf. hlutafélag ≈ plc (UK)
Minimum capital: ISK 4,000,000 (£22,000; €26,100; $34,000). Minimum shareholders: 2.
ohf. opinbert hlutafélag government-owned corporation
saf. samlagsfélag ≈ limited partnership
sv. samvinnufélag cooperative
sam. samsteypa conglomerate
sf. sameignarfélag ≈ general partnership
sfs. sjálfseignarstofnun non-profit organization
Minimum capital: ISK 1,000,000 (£5,500; €6,520; $8,500).
India[edit] Main article: Indian company law
Sole Proprietorship
Sole Proprietorship - A sole proprietorship, also known as a trader
firm or proprietorship, is a business firm that is owned and run by
one individual. A sole proprietor may use a trade name or business
name other than his or her name. Registration not required - In
summary, biggest advantage is quick formation and low compliances.
However, the biggest disadvantage is unlimited liability.
Partnership
Partnership - liability is joint and unlimited. Registration not
compulsory.
Active partners take part in day-to-day operations of the business, in addition to investing in it. Active partners are entitled to a share of the enterprise's profits. Sleeping partners invest in the business and are entitled to a share of its profits, but do not participate in day-to-day operations.
Limited Liability
Partnership
Partnership - Liability is limited
HUF (
Hindu
Hindu Undivided Family) - businesses owned by a joint family
belonging to
Hindu
Hindu religion. Even though
Jain
Jain and
Sikh
Sikh families are
not governed by the
Hindu
Hindu law, they can still form a HUF.
Cooperative
Dormant company - A company which has been created for a future
project or for holding assets including intellectual property of the
company
Family Owned Business
Pvt Ltd (Private Limited Company): ≈ Ltd (UK) - May have 2–200
shareholders; shares are held privately and cannot be offered to
public.
Small company - A company other than a public company whose paid up
share capital is not more than ₹ 50 lakh and turnover does not
exceed ₹ crore.
Ltd (Public Limited Company): ≈ plc (UK)
Public Sector Undertaking (PSU) - Alternatively known as Public Sector
Enterprise (PSE). It may be public limited company listed on stock
exchanges with major ownership by a state government or a central
government of
India
India or it may be unlisted entity with major ownership
by a state government or a central government of India. Some of these
entities are formed as business entities through special legislation,
where these entities are governed by the statutes of these legislation
and may or may not be governed by company laws like a typical business
entity.
One-person company - It is a type of private company which can have
only one director and member.
Unlimited
Company
Company - A company, similar to its limited company (Ltd, or
Pvt Ltd) counterpart, but where the liability of the members or
shareholders is not limited.
Incorporation
Company
Company - Incorporation is the formation of a new
corporation. The corporation may be a business, a non-profit
organization, sports club, or a government of a new city or town.
Indonesia[edit]
Yayasan: foundation
UD (Usaha Dagang): sole proprietorship
Fa (Firma): a partnership firm for the purpose of dealing with third
parties.
Koperasi: a cooperative, where the clients/customers are also the
owner
Maatschap (Persekutuan Perdata): a professional partnership, where the
partners are treated as natural persons for tax and liability purposes
e.g. Kantor Akuntan Publik Siddharta, Siddharta & Wijaya.
Persekutuan Komanditer (Dutch: CV – Commanditaire Vennootschaap):
limited partnership
Perum (Perusahaan Umum), Perjan (Perusahaan Jawatan): state-owned
entities e.g. Perum Peruri, Perjan Rumah Sakit Fatmawati
Persero: state-owned or majority state-owned PT Tbk or PT, e.g. PT
Bank Mandiri (Persero) Tbk
PT (Perseroan Terbatas): ≈
Ltd.
Ltd. (UK), e.g. PT Astra Honda Motor
PT Tbk (Perseroan Terbatas Terbuka or Perseroan Terbuka): ≈ plc
(UK). Listed on the
Indonesia
Indonesia Stock Exchange, e.g. PT Multi Bintang
Indonesia
Indonesia Tbk. Formerly also Dutch NV (Naamloze Vennootschap)
Iran[edit]
شرکت سهامی عام (Sherkat Sahami Am): ≈ plc (UK), public
شرکت سهامی خاص (Sherkat Sahami Khas): ≈ plc (UK),
private
شرکت با مسئولیت محدود (Sherkat ba Masouliyat
Mahdoud): ≈
Ltd.
Ltd. (UK)
شرکت مختلط غیر سهامی (Sherkat Mokhtalet Gheyr
Sahami): ≈ limited partnership
شرکت مختلط سهامی (Sherkat Mokhtalet Sahami): mixed
joint-stock partnership
شرکت تضامنی (Sherkat Tazamoni): ≈ general partnership
شرکت نسبی (Sherkat Nesbi): proportional liability partnership
شرکت تعاونی تولید و مصرف (Sherkat Ta’avoni Tolid
va Masraf): production and consumption cooperative
Ireland[edit]
Situation in Ireland is similar to
United Kingdom
United Kingdom below, though
without the class Community Interest Company. There were two forms of
Company
Company Limited by Guarantee, but only the form without a share
capital is now used. Irish names may also be used, such as cpt
(cuideachta phoibli theoranta) for plc, and Teo (Teoranta) for Ltd.
Limited
Company
Company – Four types:
Private company limited by shares
Private company limited by shares – If company is wound up, members'
liability is limited to the amount, if any, unpaid on the shares they
hold. Maximum number of members in the
Republic of Ireland
Republic of Ireland is 99.
Company
Company limited by guarantee not having a share capital - Public
company. Must have at least seven members. Members' liability limited
to amount they have undertaken to contribute to company assets. If
wound up, liability does not exceed amount specified in memorandum. If
a guarantee company does not have a share capital, members are not
required to buy shares (such as charities).
Company
Company limited by guarantee having a share capital - As with a
private company if the maximum number of members is 99. Members have
liability either for the amount, if any, that is unpaid on the shares
they hold, or for the amount they have undertaken to contribute to
company assets, in the event that it is wound up.
A public limited company. Must have at least seven members. Liability
is limited to the amount, if any, unpaid on shares they hold. Unlawful
to issue any form of prospectus except in compliance with the
Companies
Companies Acts 1963–2006. Nominal value of Company's allotted share
capital must satisfy specified minimums which must be fully paid
before company commences business or exercises any borrowing powers.
Single Member
Company
Company –
Private company limited by shares
Private company limited by shares or a
guarantee company having a share capital, which is incorporated with
one member, or whose membership is reduced to one person. Must have at
least two directors and one secretary. Sole member can dispense with
holding General Meetings including Annual General Meetings.
Unlimited
Company
Company - No limit on liability of members. Creditors may
have recourse to shareholders for unpaid liabilities of the company.
Must have at least two shareholders.
Undertakings for Collective Investment in Transferable Securities
(UCITS) - Public limited companies formed under EU Regulation and the
Companies
Companies Acts 1963–2006. Sole object of a UCIT is collective
investment in transferable securities of capital raised from the
public that operates on the principle of risk-spreading. Central Bank
of Ireland must approve all registrations of UCITS.
Israel[edit]
B.M./BM/בע"מ (Be'eravon Mugbal) literally: by limited
liability/warranty, usually translated "Ltd." in English, pronounced
"BE'AM" in Hebrew.
Company
Company (corporation) - Formed and registered in
Israel
Israel in accordance
with Israeli law. Most companies limit liability of their members in
the form of shares. In this case the term "Limited" or the
abbreviation "Ltd." must appear as part of the full name of the
company.
Private Company, 1-50 shareholders, 1 director, may not offer or sell stock or debentures to the public. Articles must containt restriction on transfer of shares. Public Company, minimum 7 shareholders, may offer stock or debentures to the public after issuing a prospectus with specified information. Must publish annual report that includes audited financial statements and directors' report, filed with Register of Companies, available to the public.
Foreign
Company
Company (branch) -
Company
Company formed overseas may have a branch
or local office in Israel. Must register as a foreign company with
Register of
Companies
Companies within one month of its establishment. If the
company uses "limited" as part of its name, it must display its name
and the country where it is formed in every invoice, letter,
announcement, advertisement, or other official publication. No
requirement to publish financial statements of a private company.
Partnership
Partnership - Entity that consists of persons who contract to form a
partnership. Personal liability of the partners is not limited unless
they are limited partners of limited partnerships. A foreign
partnership is also permitted to do business in Israel.
Self-employed - A self-employed person works entirely for him/herself
and is entirely liable for the business. Same rules of registration
apply.
Cooperative
Cooperative - Entity found mainly in agriculture (such as a kibbutz or
moshav), or transportation, or certain types of marketing operations
associated with agricultural products.
Non profit organization - Mainly academic institutions, hospitals,
charitable organizations, and municipalities. Non profits are subject
to a special law governing their formation and operations.
Italy[edit]
Forme individuali:
Artigiano Lavoratore autonomo Libero professionista Imprenditore ≈ sole trader (UK), sole proprietorship (US)
Società di persone (Partnerships):
S.s. (Società semplice): ≈ general partnership (non commercial) S.n.c. (Società in nome collettivo): ≈ general partnership (commercial) S.a.s (Società in accomandita semplice): ≈ limited partnership
Società di capitali (Companies):
S.p.a. (Società per azioni):[41] ≈ joint-stock company, plc (UK),
corporation (US)
S.a.p.a. (Società in accomandita per azioni): ≈ publicly traded
partnership
S.c.p.a. (Società consortile per azioni)
S.c.a.r.l. (Società consortile a responsabilità limitata)
S.r.l. (Società a responsabilità limitata): ≈
Ltd.
Ltd. (UK), LLC (US)
Cooperative:
S.c.r.l. (Società cooperativa a responsabilità limitata) cooperative limited (liability) company
Japan[edit]
Business
Business corporations are referred to as kaisha (会社) and are
formed under the
Companies
Companies Law of 2005. There are currently (2015) 4
types and each of them has legal personality:
株式会社 (kabushiki-kaisha or kabushiki-gaisha, "K.K.") - lit. "stock company", the most typical form of business corporation. 有限会社 (yūgen-kaisha or yūgen-gaisha, "Y.K.") - lit. "limited company", a close corporation form for smaller businesses, abolished in 2006 合同会社 (gōdō-kaisha or gōdō-gaisha, "G.K.") - lit. "amalgamated company", a close corporation form similar to the American LLC, introduced in 2006, used instead of abolished "Y.K." 合名会社 (gōmei-kaisha or gōmei-gaisha, "GMK") - corporation similar to a general partnership 合資会社 (gōshi-kaisha or gōshi-gaisha, "GSK") - corporation similar to a limited partnership
Partnerships
Partnerships are referred to as kumiai (組合). Each of these 4 types
has no legal personality though other corporations, which include
"kumiai" in their name, have:
任意組合 (nin'i kumiai, "NK") - general partnership (Civil Code)
匿名組合 (tokumei kumiai, "TK") - anonymous partnership, an
investment bilateral contract (Commercial Code, Book 2 Ch.4 Article
535 et seq)
投資事業有限責任組合 (tōshi jigyō yūgen sekinin kumiai) -
limited partnership for investment (Limited
Partnership
Partnership for Investment
Act 1998, Rev.2004)
有限責任事業組合 (yūgen sekinin jigyō kumiai) - similar to a
Limited Liability
Partnership
Partnership (Limited Liability
Partnership
Partnership Act of
2005)
Jordan[edit]
Partnership
Partnership (General
Partnership
Partnership Company).
Limited Liability (Limited Liability Company).
Limited Liability in Shares (Limited Liability in Shares).
Public Shareholding (Public listed stock company).
Private Shareholding
Companies
Companies (Private listed stock company).
Foreign
Company
Company (Non-Jordanian company operating in Jordan).
Kazakhstan[edit]
АО (Aktsionernoe obschestvo/Акционерное общество): Joint stock company ТОО (Tovarishchestvo s ogranichennoy otvetstvennostyu/Товарищество с ограниченной ответственностью): limited liability partnership TDO/ТДО (Tovarishchestvo s dopolnitelnoyu otvetstvennostyu/Товарищество с дополнительной ответственностью) Additional liability partnership GP/ГП (Gosudarstvenoe predpriyatie/Государственное предприятие): State company КТ (Komanditnoe Tovarishchestvo; Командитное товарищество) ОО (Obshestvennoe Obedinenie / Общественное объединение) Social association PT/ПТ (Polnoe Tovarishchestvo / Полное товарищество) Full partnership PtK/ПтК (Potrebibitelskii Kooperativ / Потребительский кооператив) PrK/ПрК (Proizvodstvenni Kooperativ / Производственный кооператив) РО (Relitioznoe Obedinenie / Религиозное объединение) Uchr/Учр (Uchrezhdenie/Учреждение)
Korea, South[edit]
주식회사 or 株式會社 (jusik hoesa): ≈ plc (UK)
유한회사 or 有限會社 (yuhan hoesa): ≈
Ltd.
Ltd. (UK)
합자회사 or 合資會社 (hapja hoesa): corporation similar to a
limited partnership
합명회사 or 合名會社 (hapmyeong hoesa): corporation similar to
a general partnership
Latvia[edit]
SIA (Sabiedrība ar ierobežotu atbildību): ≈
Ltd.
Ltd. (UK)
AS (Akciju sabiedrība): ≈ plc (UK)
IK (Individuālais komersants): ≈ sole proprietorship
PS (Pilnsabiedrība)
KS (Komandītsabiedrība): ≈ limited partnership
ĀKF (Ārzemju komersanta filiāle): branch of a foreign enterprise
BO (Bezpeļņas organizācija): ≈ nonprofit organization
Lebanon[edit]
s.a.l. (Societe Anonyme Libanaise): a form of a joint stock company S.A.R.L. (Société à responsabilité limitée): a form of a Limited Liability Company Partnership
S.N.C.(Société en Nom Collectif): General partnership
S.C.S.(Société en Commandite Simple):
Partnership
Partnership in commendam
Holding Company
Offshore company
Branch
Branch of Foreign Company
Representative Office
Lithuania[edit]
UAB (Uždaroji akcinė bendrovė): ≈
Ltd.
Ltd. (UK)
AB (Akcinė bendrovė): ≈ plc (UK)
VšĮ (Viešoji įstaiga): ≈ non-profit organization
IĮ (Individuali įmonė): ≈ personal enterprise
Individuali veikla = sole proprietorship (does not possess legal
personality of its own)
TŪB (Tikroji ūkinė bendrija): ≈ general partnership
KŪB (Komanditinė ūkinė bendrija): ≈ limited partnership
MB (Mažoji bendrija) : ≈
Limited liability
Limited liability partnership
Luxembourg[edit]
S.A. (Société anonyme): ≈ plc (UK)
S.A.R.L. (Société à responsabilité limitée): ≈
Ltd.
Ltd. (UK)
Société en commandite simple (SECS): ≈ limited partnership
Macedonia[edit]
A.D./А.Д. (Akcionersko Društvo / Акционерско
друштво): ≈ plc (UK) or Joint-stock company
D.O.O./Д.О.О. (Društvo so Ograničena Odgovornost / Друштво
со ограничена одговорност): ≈
Ltd.
Ltd. (UK)
D.O.O.E.L./Д.О.О.Е.Л. (Društvo so Ograničena Odgovornost od
Edno Lice / Друштво со ограничена
одговорност основано од едно лице): type
of DOO with a single member
K.D./К.Д. (Komanditno Društvo / Командитно
друштво): ≈ limited partnership
K.D.A./К.Д.А. (Komanditno Društvo so Akcie / Командитно
друштво со акции): ≈ limited partnership with shares
J.T.D./Ј.Т.Д. (Javno Trgovsko Društvo / Јавно
трговско друштво): ≈ General partnership
Malaysia[edit]
PLT (PLT): ≈ LLP
Bhd. (Berhad): ≈ plc (UK)
Sdn. Bhd. (Sendirian Berhad): ≈
Ltd.
Ltd. (UK)
Mexico[edit]
Business
Business entities according to the "Ley General de Sociedades
Mercantiles" (General Law of
Business
Business entities)
Persona Física
S.A. (Sociedad Anónima): ≈ plc (UK)
S. de R.L.(Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada): ≈
Ltd.
Ltd. (UK)
Associates name and "y compañía" or Associates name and "y
sucesores"(Sociedad en Nombre Colectivo): ≈ general partnership
S. en C. (Sociedad en Comandita Simple): ≈ limited partnership
S. en C. por A. (Sociedad en Comandita por Acciones): ≈ master
limited partnership
Note: Any of these entities can be incorporated as a "Capital Variable" entity, in which case has to add the " de C.V." sufix to its company name. Example: "S.A. de C.V.", "S. de R.L. de C.V."
Business
Business entities according to the "Ley del Mercado de Valores" (Stock
Market Law)
S.A.B. (
Sociedad Anónima
Sociedad Anónima Bursátil)
S.A.P.I. (
Sociedad Anónima
Sociedad Anónima Promotora de Inversión)
Mongolia[edit]
ХК (Khuvitsaat Kompani/Хувьцаат Компани): ≈ joint stock company ХХК (Khyazgaarlagdmal Khariutslagatai Kompani/ Хязгаарлагдмал Хариуцлагатай Компани): ≈ p.l.c (UK) limited liability company ТББ (Töriin Bus Baiguullaga/Төрийн Бус Байгууллага):≈ non governmental organization
Montenegro[edit]
Preduzetnik (Preduzetnik): ≈
Sole proprietorship
Sole proprietorship (UK) ≈
Einzelunternehmen/Eingetragener Kaufmann (D)
O.D. (Ortačko Društvo): ≈
General partnership
General partnership (UK) ≈ Offene
Handelsgesellschaft ≈ OHG (D)
K.D. (Komanditno Društvo): ≈
Limited partnership
Limited partnership (UK) ≈ KG (D)
A.D. (Akcionarsko Društvo): ≈ joint-stock company, plc (UK) ≈ AG
(D)
D.O.O. (Društvo sa Ograničenom Odgovornošću): ≈ Private Limited
Companies
Companies (Ltd.) (UK) ≈
GmbH
GmbH (D)
Dio stranog društva(Dio stranog društva):
Literally part of a foreign company this sort of business entity contains the original name, legal organizational form from origin country which is converted in
one of above mentioned form (Preduzetnik; O.D.; K.D.; A.D.; D.O.O.), as such it is registered in the Central Register of Companies. This form is a little bit specific and was created for companies that are domiciled registered in other countries and have its part in Montenegro. Morocco[edit]
S.A (Société Anonyme): ≈ Public Limited
Company
Company (P.L.C) (UK),
Corporation
Corporation (US/Can)
S.A.S (Société Anonyme Simplifiée): ≈ Unlisted Public Company
(Au), Close
Corporation
Corporation (CC) (S. Africa), Private
Corporation
Corporation (Can);
often used for subsidiaries; minimum of one director and two
members/shareholders; no limit on share capital; liability can be
restricted to director; no "one share - one vote" principle
S.A.R.L (Société à Responsabilité Limitée): ≈ Private Limited
company (Ltd.) (UK), Limited Liability
Company
Company (US)
G.I.E (Groupement d'Intérêt Economique): economic interest grouping
S.N.C (Société en Nom Collectif): ≈ General
Partnership
Partnership (GP)
S.C.S (Société en Commandite Simple): ≈ Limited
Partnership
Partnership (LP)
S.C.A (Société en Commandite par Actions): ≈ Publicly Traded
Partnership
Partnership (PTP) (US)
Namibia[edit]
Close Corporation*
Companies
Companies (Private, Public and Section 21)*
Sole Trader*
Partnership*
Trusts*
Co-operatives*
Nepal[edit]
Private Limited Company: Liability, limited by shares; Name, cannot be
deceptively similar to another registered company; Management, at
least 1 director; Shareholders, limited to 1-50 excluding persons who
are employed by company, prohibition against any invitation to the
public to subscribe for shares; Founders, 1-50; Nationality, Nepalese
company;
Company
Company purpose, any lawful purpose except industry on
Negative List; Formation, file Memorandum and Articles of Association
with Registrar of Companies.
Public Limited Company: Liability, limited by shares; Name, cannot be
deceptively similar to another registered company; Management, at
least 3 directors; Shareholders, minimum 7, no maximum, share
subscription by public pursuant to a prospectus that complies with
Companies
Companies Act of 2007 and Securities Act; a Private Limited Company
can convert to Public Limited
Company
Company by complying with
Companies
Companies Act
of 2007; Founders, minimum 7; Nationality, Nepalese company; Company
purpose, any lawful purpose except industry on Negative List;
Formation, file Memorandum and Articles of Association with Registrar
of Companies.
Branch: Liability, main company remains liable; Name, same as main
company; Nationality, foreign company;
Company
Company purpose, any lawful
purpose except industry on Negative List; Formation, file Memorandum
and Articles of Association with Registrar of Companies, plus
permission to work in
Nepal
Nepal by concerned authority; Founders, main
branch.
Netherlands[edit]
Stichting: ≈ foundation. Can run a business. No profit distribution to founders or board members. mutual societies (associations which are allowed to pay dividends to their members; liability may be unlimited (W.A. - Wettelijke Aansprakelijkheid), limited (B.A. - Beperkte Aansprakelijkheid) or exempt (U.A. - Uitsluiting van Aansprakelijkheid)):
Coöperatie: ≈ co-operative society Onderlinge waarborgmaatschappij: ≈ mutual insurance company
Mij (Maatschappij): ≈ association Mts (Maatschap): ≈ group practice (of professionals, e.g. doctors, accountants, lawyers); share facilities not profits, members are treated as natural persons for tax and liability purposes. Eenmanszaak: ≈ sole trader (UK), sole proprietorship (US) incorporated entities:
vof (Vennootschap onder firma): ≈ GP
cv (Commanditaire vennootschap): ≈ LP
bv (Besloten vennootschap): ≈
Ltd.
Ltd. (UK), LLC (US). Shares are
privately registered and not freely transferable. The name means
"closed company", stemming from the fact that the (group of)
shareholder(s) is cannot be changed without consent from the majority
of shareholder(s).
nv (Naamloze vennootschap): ≈ plc (UK), Corp. (US). Minimum issued
share capital upon incorporation: €45,000. Literally translated, the
title has the "nameless company", owing to the fact that shareholders
are not formally known as such in company statutes and other legal
documents.
Companies
Companies are registered on the
Companies
Companies Register and with a regional
Chamber of Commerce.[42]
New Zealand[edit]
Ltd (Limited): ≈ plc or
Ltd.
Ltd. (UK). Names of limited liability
companies that were registered under the
Companies
Companies Act 1993 (but not
those that were registered under the
Companies
Companies Act 1955) must end with
the word "Limited", the words "Tāpui (Limited)", or the suffix "Ltd".
Look-through company
Nicaragua[edit] The Commercial Code establishes the following types of companies:
S.A.: Sociedad Anónima Cia.: Sociedad en Nombre Colectivo Cia. Ltda.: Sociedad en Nombre Colectivo de Responsabilidad Limitada S.C.S.: Sociedad en Comandita Simple S.C.A.: Sociedad en Comandita por Acciones
Nigeria[edit]
Private Limited
Company
Company (Ltd.): a private company limited by shares
Public Limited
Company
Company (PLC): a public company limited by shares
Limited by Guarantee (Ltd./Gte.): a company limited by guarantee
(non-profit company)
Unlimited (ULtd.): A company with a share capital, similar to its
limited company (Ltd., or PLC.) counterparts, but where the liability
of the members or shareholders is not limited
Limited Liability
Partnership
Partnership (LLP): Only allowed in the state of
Lagos, Nigeria.
Norway[edit]
ASA (Allmennaksjeselskap): ≈ plc (UK). Minimum capital NOK 1,000,000
AS (Aksjeselskap): ≈
Ltd.
Ltd. (UK). Minimum capital NOK 30,000.
ANS (Ansvarlig selskap): general partnership with mutual liability
BA (Selskap med begrenset ansvar): cooperatives and companies created
by legislation
BL (Borettslag): housing share company
DA (Selskap med delt ansvar): general partnership with apportioned
liability
Enkeltpersonforetak: sole proprietorship
Etat: state, county or municipal agency
FKF (Fylkeskommunalt foretak): county enterprise
HF (helseforetak): subsidiary health enterprise
IKS (Interkommunalt selskap): inter-municipal enterprise (owners'
liability)
KF (Kommunalt foretak): municipal enterprise (owner's liability)
KS (Kommandittselskap): ≈ limited partnership
NUF (Norskregistrert utenlandsk foretak): foreign enterprise
registered in Norway
RHF (regionalt helseforetak): regional health enterprise
SF (Statsforetak): state enterprise
Sparebank: savings bank
Stiftelse: a foundation, with capital but without members or
shareholders. It is allowed to make a profit, but is more suited for
non-commercial purposes.
Oman[edit]
SAOG (Société Anonyme Omanaise Générale) Public Joint Stock Company[43] SAOC (Société Anonyme Omanaise Close) Closed Joint Stock Company[44]
Pakistan[edit]
There are three main forms of business:
(a)
Sole Proprietorship
Sole Proprietorship (b)
Partnership
Partnership (c) Company
Sole Proprietorship
In a sole proprietorship, an individual on his/her own account carries out the business or profession. No formal procedure or formality is required for setting up a sole proprietary concern.
Partnership
A partnership is a business relationship entered into by a formal
agreement between two or more persons or corporations carrying on a
business in common. The capital for a partnership is provided by the
partners who are liable for the total debts of the firms and who share
the profits and losses of the business concern according to the terms
of the partnership agreement.
Partnerships
Partnerships (other than banking companies) are generally limited in
size to twenty partners. The interest of a partner is transferable
only with the prior consent of the other partner(s). However, a
partner's right to a share of the partnership income may be received
in trust for another person.
For taxation purposes, partnerships are classified into:
(i) Registered Firms (ii) Unregistered Firms
The income of the registered firm is subject to Super
Tax
Tax before
distribution to the partners. Also the individual income of the
partners is subject to income tax at the usual rates.
For unregistered firms, income tax is levied on the firm's income and
the partners are not liable to pay tax on the shares of profit
received from the unregistered firm(s).
Company
A company is a legal entity formed under the
Companies
Companies Ordinance,
1984. It can have share capital or can be formed without share
capital.
A company having share capital may be formed as:
(i) A company limited by shares. (ii) A company limited by guarantee.
(iii) An unlimited company.
Company
Company Limited by Shares
The liability of its members is limited to the extent of their shares in the paid-up capital of the company. These companies may further be classified as public limited and private limited companies.
Public Limited
Companies
Companies can be formed by at least seven persons by
subscribing their names to the 'Memorandum and Articles of
Association' of the company. The word 'Limited' is used as the last
word of its name.
Private Limited
Companies
Companies may be formed by at least two persons by
subscribing their names to the 'Memorandum and Articles of
Association' of the company. A private limited company, by its
Articles of Association:
(i) Restricts the right to transfer its shares; (ii) Limits the number of its members to fifty; and; (iii) Prohibits any invitation to the public to subscribe for shares or debentures of the company. A private limited company is required to use the words "(Private) Limited" as the last words of its name.
Company
Company Limited By Guarantee
Means a company having the liability of its members limited by
memorandum to such amounts as the members may respectively undertake
to contribute to the capital of the company in the event of its
winding up. A company limited by guarantee is usually formed on a 'non
profit basis'.
Companies
Companies limited by guarantee use the words
(Guarantee) Limited" as the last words of their n Unlimited Company
Means a company having unlimited liability of its members
<https://www.secp.gov.pk/></https://www.secp.gov.pk/>
Peru[edit]
S.A. (Sociedad Anónima): ≈ plc (UK)
Sociedad Anónima
Sociedad Anónima Abierta (S.A.A.): To qualify to register as an
S.A.A., a company must meet one or more conditions laid down in
Article 249 of Peru's General
Corporation
Corporation Law. Those conditions state
there must be a primary public offering of shares or convertible bonds
in stocks, which are held by more than 750 shareholders, more than 35%
of its capital belonging to 175 shareholders, or that all shareholders
entitled to vote approve the adjustment to the scheme. The S.A.A. is
then audited by the Comisión Nacional Supervisora de Empresas y
Valores (CONASEV).[45]
Philippines[edit]
Co. (Company): can be used for general partnerships
Coop. (Cooperative)
Corp. (Corporation)
Ent. (Enterprise)
Inc. (Incorporated)
LLC (Limited Liability Company)
Ltd.
Ltd. (Limited),
Ltd.
Ltd. Co. (Limited Company): ≈ Limited partnerships,
companies with legal status use the Inc. and Corp. suffix unlike in
other SEA countries.
Older forms (now rarely used)
Cía (Compañía): for partnerships and other forms of business during the Spanish rule SA (Sociedad Anónima): formed under Spanish rule
Poland[edit]
jednoosobowa działalność gospodarcza: sole proprietorship
Przedsiębiorstwo Państwowe: state enterprise (has legal personality)
S.A. (spółka akcyjna): ≈ plc (UK). Minimum share capital PLN
100,000 (approx. €25,000) (has legal personality).
s.c. (spółka cywilna): "civil partnership", not a partnership or a
company, but rather an agreement on the sharing of profits, losses and
ownership of a business. Can be likened to a voluntary association.
S.K.A. (spółka komandytowo-akcyjna): limited partnership with
shares. Minimum share capital PLN 50,000 (approx. €12,500).
sp.j. (spółka jawna): ≈ general partnership
sp.k. (spółka komandytowa): ≈ limited partnership
sp.p. (spółka partnerska): ≈ limited liability partnership May
also be denoted by the addition of i partner(zy) ("and partner(s)") to
the firm's name. Can only be used for the purpose of practicing as a
licensed professional listed in the appropriate provision of the
Commercial
Companies
Companies Code. The partners are fully liable for the
partnership's debts, with the exception of debts incurred by other
partners practicing their licensed profession and employees under
their direction.
Sp. z o.o. (spółka z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością): ≈ Ltd.
(UK). Minimum share capital PLN 5,000 (approx. €1,250) (has legal
personality).
Spółdzielnia: ≈ cooperative. Has legal personality. May also be
denoted by the word Spółdzielczy in the firm's name (has legal
personality).
References: (Polish) Commercial
Companies
Companies Code of 15 September 2000
(Dz.U. No 94 item 1037 as amended); (Polish) Civil Code of 23 April
1964 (Dz.U. No 16 item 93 as amended); (Polish) Law on Cooperatives of
16 September 1982 (Dz.U. 2003 No 188 item 1848 as amended)
Portugal[edit]
CRL (Cooperativa de Responsabilidade Limitada): limited liability cooperative S.A. (Sociedade Anónima): ≈ plc (UK), and these are further classified as:
S.A., Sociedade Aberta: ≈ publicly traded corporation (literally "open company"). S.F., Sociedade Fechada: ≈ privately held (closely held) corporation (literally "closed company")
Lda. (Limitada): ≈
Ltd.
Ltd. (UK), and these might be:
Unipessoal Lda.: single member company (literally: "Unipersonal Ltd.")
SGPS (Sociedade Gestora de Participações Sociais): holding corporation (literally "shareholding management company")
Romania[edit] Societăți comerciale, abbreviated SC (Companies):
Societăți de persoane (Unincorporated companies, also called Partnerships)
Societatea în nume colectiv, abbreviated SNC (General Partnership, abbreviated GP) Societatea în comandită simplă, abbreviated SCS (Limited Partnership, abbreviated LP)
Societăți de capitaluri (Incorporated companies, also called Corporations)
Societatea în comandită pe acțiuni, abbreviated SCA (Company Limited by Shares) Societatea pe acțiuni, abbreviated SA (Joint-Stock Company)
Societăți hibride (Hybrid companies)
Societatea cu răspundere limitată, abbreviated SRL (Limited Liability Company) Societatea cu răspundere limitată cu proprietar unic, abbreviated SRL cu proprietar unic
S.A. (Societate pe Acţiuni): ≈ plc (UK)
S.C.A. (societate în comandită pe acţiuni): limited partnership
with shares
S.C.S. (societate în comandită simplă): ≈ limited partnership
S.N.C. (societate în nume colectiv): ≈ general partnership
S.R.L. (societate cu răspundere limitată): ≈
Ltd.
Ltd. (UK)
PFA (persoana fizica autorizata): ≈ self-employed (UK) Sole
Proprietorship (US)
O.N.G. (Organizație Non-Guvernamentală): ≈ Non-state pension fund
(literally: Non-Governmental Organization)
limited liability company "societate cu raspundere limitata" (SRL);
joint stock company "societate pe actiuni" (SA);
Russia[edit]
Further information:
Types of business entity
Types of business entity in Russia
Nekommercheskaya organizatsiya/некоммерческая организация: non-profit organization (there are many types of non-profits in Russia; the type depends on the ownership of the assets (non-state pension fund/Негосударственный пенсионный фонд, for example)) GP/ГП, GUP/ГУП (Gosudarstvennoye unitarnoye predpriyatie/Государственное унитарное предприятие): state (unitary) enterprise IP/ИП (Individualny predprinimatel/Индивидуальный предприниматель): sole proprietorship OOO (Obshchestvo s ogranichennoy otvetstvennostyu/Общество с ограниченной ответственностью): LLC (US) ПAO (Publichnoye aktsionernoye obshchestvo/Публичное акционерное общество): plc (UK), publicly traded shares (similar to a corporation in the US) kooperativ/кооператив: cooperative (many types, which differ by the type of activity, e.g. agricultural or production) АО (Aktsionernoye obshchestvo/Акционерное общество): ltd (UK), privately held shares (similar to a close corporation, or closely held corporation, in the US) (maximum fifty "owners of capital" (not shareholders). If there are more than fifty "owners of capital", they have a year to transform into a "ПAO") Prostoye Tovarishestvo (general partnership) and Kommanditnoe Tovarishestvo (limited partnership). These types of business entities are not popular (approximately 0.5% of the total number of business entities). Hozyaystvennoe Partnerstvo (business partnership) is a "secret" entity. There is no equivalent in other jurisdictions.
Saudi Arabia[edit]
Private Limited
Company
Company ( شركة ذات مسئولية محدودة)
Joint-Stock company ( شركة مساهمة )
General
Partnership
Partnership
Company
Company ( شركة تضامن )
Limited
Partnership
Partnership (شركة التوصية البسيطة )
Foreign
Company
Company ( شركة أجنبية )
Individual Establishment ( مؤسسة فردية )
Serbia[edit]
j.p. / ј.п. javno preduzeće / јавно предузеће): ≈
state-owned enterprise
a.d. / a.д. (akcionarsko društvo / aкционарско
друштво): ≈ joint-stock company, plc (UK) ≈ AG (Germany)
d.o.o. / д.о.о. (društvo sa ograničenom odgovornošću /
друштво сa ограниченом одговорношћу):
≈ it is similar with
Limited liability partnership
Limited liability partnership with some
specifics and further similarities with
Ltd.
Ltd. (UK) ≈
GmbH
GmbH (Germany)
k.d. / к.д. (komanditno društvo / командитно
друштво): ≈
Limited partnership
Limited partnership (UK)
o.d. / о.д. (ortačko društvo / ортачко друштво): ≈
General partnership
General partnership (UK)
preduzetnik (предузетник): ≈
Sole proprietorship
Sole proprietorship (UK)
Singapore[edit]
Private Limited Company,
Sole Proprietorship
Sole Proprietorship and
Partnership
Partnership are the
predominant types of business found in Singapore.[46]
LLP
LLP (limited liability partnership): owners have the flexibility of
operating as a partnership while enjoying limited liability. An LLP
can sue and be sued, acquire and hold property, and have a common
seal.
Pte Ltd/Sdn Bhd (private limited company/Sendirian Berhad): ≈ Ltd.
(UK). Maximum 50 shareholders. There also exist "exempt private
companies", being either owned by no more than 20 non-corporate
shareholders, or wholly state-owned and designated by the finance
minister as exempt.
Ltd/Bhd (public limited company/Berhad): ≈ plc (UK). There also
exist public companies limited by guarantee, which conduct non-profit
activities; the finance minister may approve the registration of such
companies without the addition of the word "Limited" or "Berhad" to
the name.
Singapore
Singapore subsidiary company is a popular term used for a form of
Singapore
Singapore business entity. A subsidiary company can have different
structures but is essentially a Private Limited
Company
Company and so is a
separate legal entity. Characteristics of a
Singapore
Singapore subsidiary
company include: i) 100% foreign ownership is allowed, ii) the company
enjoys low tax incentives as per a resident company, iii) repatriation
of profits is allowed and iv) the minimum paid up capital required is
S$1. v) As a legal person, a subsidiary company can sue and be sued by
others.[47]
Other forms including Pte exist
Slovakia[edit]
a.s. (Akciová spoločnosť): ≈ plc (UK). Minimum share capital EUR €25,000. Must have a supervisory board in addition to the management board. s.r.o., spol. s r.o. (Spoločnosť s ručením obmedzeným): ≈ Ltd. (UK) k.s. (Komanditná spoločnosť): ≈ LLP. or Limited liability partnership (UK). Must have at least one "general partner" with unlimited liability. v.o.s. (Verejná obchodná spoločnosť): ≈ general partnership or unlimited partnership družstvo: ≈ Cooperative živnosť: ≈ Sole proprietorship
Slovenia[edit]
d.d. (Delniška družba): ≈ plc (UK)
d.o.o. (Družba z omejeno odgovornostjo): ≈
Ltd.
Ltd. (UK)
d.n.o. (Družba z neomejeno odgovornostjo): ≈
Unlimited company
Unlimited company (UK)
k.d. (Komanditna družba): ≈ LP (UK)
s.p. (Samostojni podjetnik): ≈
Sole proprietorship
Sole proprietorship (UK)
South Africa[edit]
Sole proprietorship/Alleeneienaar
Business
Business trust/Trust
Partnership/Vennootskap
Companies/Maatskappye
Company
Company limited by guarantee
Incorporated association not for gain/vereniging sonder winsoogmerk (section 21 company/artikel 21-maatskappy): ≈ nonprofit association.
Companies
Companies having a share capital
Private company/privaat maatskappy: ≈ private limited company (UK), limited liability company (US); has 1 or more shareholders, one or more directors. The name must end "(Pty) Ltd"; registration number ends /07. Registration number and directors' names must appear on all correspondence.
Section 53(b) company (unlimited liability company): ≈ professional limited liability company (PLLC) (US)
Public company/publieke maatskappy: ≈ public limited company (UK), corporation (US); has at least 7 shareholders (unless it is a wholly owned subsidiary of another company) and at least two directors. The company's name must end in "LTD"; its registration number ends in /06.
CC/BK (Close corporation/beslote korporasie): Has 1–10 non-corporate
members. The name must end "CC" or "BK"; registration number ends /23.
Registration number and members' names must appear on all
correspondence. On 1 May 2011 the new
Companies
Companies Act (Act 71 of 2008)
came into force and disallows any new incorporations under this
form.[48]
Spain[edit]
S.A. (Sociedad Anónima): ≈ plc (UK), minimum capital €60,101.21
S.L. (Sociedad Limitada): ≈
Ltd.
Ltd. (UK), minimum capital €3,012
S.L.N.E. (Sociedad Limitada Nueva Empresa): similar to S.L., it was
introduced in 2003 to speed up new company registration (registration
can be completed in one day), minimum capital €3,012
S.A.D. (
Sociedad Anónima
Sociedad Anónima Deportiva): a limited liability sports
corporation
S.L.L. (Sociedad Limitada Laboral): a labour limited corporation
S.C. (Sociedad Colectiva): roughly a general partnership
S.C.P. (Sociedad Civil Privada): ¿?
S.Cra. (Sociedad Comanditaria): roughly a limited partnership
S.Coop. (Sociedad Cooperativa): a cooperative that typically is owned
and democratically controlled by its workers
Other initialisations are used for cooperatives; Sociedad Anónima Laboral (SAL);[49] some are region specific e.g. Sociedad Cooperativa Catalana Limitada (SCCL)[50]
Sweden[edit]
AB (Aktiebolag): ≈
Ltd.
Ltd. (UK). Minimum capital SEK 50,000.
AB (publ) (Publikt aktiebolag): ≈ plc (UK). Minimum capital SEK
500,000.
Ek. för. (Ekonomisk förening): economic association (minimum three
members)
Bostadsrättsförening: home-owners' association Hyresrättsförening: home-renters' association Kooperativ: cooperative
Enskild firma: sole proprietorship
HB (Handelsbolag): ≈ general partnership
KB (Kommanditbolag): ≈ limited partnership
Enkelt bolag: Regulated partnership between two parts (
Companies
Companies or
private persons)
Ideell förening: non-profit organization
Stiftelse: Foundation has capital or property but no members or owners
(shareholders)
Filial
Switzerland[edit]
AG (Aktiengesellschaft) SA (Société anonyme) SA (Società anonima) ≈ plc (UK) or Inc. (US). Min. share capital CHF 100,000. Bearer or registered shares, of a par value of min. CHF 0.01 each. Details of shareholders generally not publicly available (except for main shareholders and management shares of publicly listed companies).
GmbH
GmbH (Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung)
Sàrl
Sàrl (Société à responsabilité limitée)
Sagl (Società a garanzia limitata)
≈
Ltd.
Ltd. (UK), LLC (US). Min. capital CHF 20,000. Registered shares
only, of a par value of min. CHF 100 each. Name, address and share of
each owner (and any changes) publicly recorded in the Official
Register of
Commerce.<https://web.archive.org/web/20110706221252/http://www.zefix.admin.ch/>
Stiftung / fondation / fondazione:≈ foundation investment fund (Anlagefonds / fonds de placement / fondo di investimento)
Investmentgesellschaft mit festem Kapital / SICAF (société d'investissement à capital fixe) / SICAF (società di investimento a capitale fisso):≈ investment trust (UK), closed-end company (US) Investmentgesellschaft mit variablem Kapital / SICAV (société d'investissement à capital variable) / SICAV (società di investimento a capitale variabile):≈ OEIC (open-ended investment company) (UK), open-end company (US)
Verein / association / associazione:≈ non-profit association wIG (wirtschaftliche Interessengemeinschaft) / GIE (groupement d'intérêt économique) / gruppo di interesse economico:≈ EIG (economic interest grouping) Einzelunternehmen / RI (raison individuelle) / ditta individuale:≈ sole trader (UK), sole proprietorship (US) Gesellschaft "business entities"
partnerships (Rechsgemeinschaft / société de personnes / società di persone)
eG (einfache Gesellschaft) / société simple / società semplice:≈ partnership by contract KolG (Kollektivgesellschaft) / SNC (société en nom collectif) / società in nome collettivo:≈ GP KG (Kommanditgesellschaft) / SC (société en commandite) / società in accomandita:≈ LP
trading companies (Körperschaft / société de capitaux / società di capitale)
KomAG (Kommanditaktiengesellschaft) / SCA (société en commandite par
actions) / società in accomandita per azioni:≈ publicly traded
partnership (PTP)
GmbH
GmbH (Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung) /
Sàrl
Sàrl (société à
responsabilité limitée) / Sagl (società a garanzia limitata):≈
Ltd.
Ltd. (UK), LLC (US)
AG (Aktiengesellschaft) / SA (société anonyme) / SA (società
anonima):≈ plc (UK), Corp. (US/Can)
Genossenschaft / Scoop (société coopérative) / società cooperativa:≈ co-operative Zweigniederlassung / succursale / succursale:≈ branch (of a company)
Taiwan[edit]
無限公司 (Unlimited Company)
有限公司 (Limited Company)
兩合公司 (Limited Partnership)
股份有限公司 (Public Limited
Company
Company or Corporation)
Thailand[edit]
บริษัทมหาชนจำกัด, name format
บริษัท corporation name จำกัด (มหาชน):
plc (UK). Minimum 15 shareholders.
บริษัทเอกชนจำกัด (name format
บริษัท corporation name จำกัด):
Ltd.
Ltd. (UK). At
least three shareholders.
ห้างหุ้นส่วนจำกัด (name format
ห้างหุ้นส่วน corporation name
จำกัด): limited partnership There are two kinds of
partnership:
Limited partnership
Limited partnership which has limited liability of the
partnership, and unlimited partner which has unlimited liability to
the third party for the partner. The unlimited partnership has the
right to control the partnership. On the other hand, the limited
partnership has no right to make decision in the partnership.
ห้างหุ้นส่วนสามัญนิติบุคคล
(name format ห้างหุ้นส่วน corporation name):
general partnership
Turkey[edit] According to Code of Obligations (fifth book of Civil Code) (Act No: 6098)
Adi Şirket : ≈ Simple
Partnership
Partnership (has no legal personality)
According to the Commercial Code (Act No: 6102)
Şahıs şirketleri ≈
Partnerships
Partnerships (Unlike the partnerships in
Anglo-American law, they also have legal personality like companies)
Koll. Şti. (Kolektif şirket): ≈ Collective partnership Kom. Şti (Komandit şirket) ≈ Commandite partnership Can be established as simple commandite partnership or as commandite company divided into shares (Sermayesi paylara bölünmüş komandit şirket).
Sermaye şirketleri ≈ Companies
A.Ş. / A.O. (Anonim Şirket / Anonim Ortaklık): ≈ Joint stock
company Minimum capital is TRY 50.000. Bearer or registered shares, of
a minimum par value of TRY 0,01 each. Only type of company that can be
publicly traded in Turkish Law.
Ltd.
Ltd. Şti. / L.Ş. / L.O. (Limited şirket / Limited Ortaklık) ≈
Limited company
Limited company Minimum capital is TRY 10.000. Registered shares only,
of a minimum par value of TRY 25 each.
According to the Capital Markets Act (Act No: 6362)
HAAO (Halka Açık Anonim Ortaklık) ≈ Publicly held corporation This essentially is a special type of A.O. These type of companies can only be established as A.O.'s. When there are no specific rules under Capital Markets legislation, A.O. rules under Turkish Commercial Code will be applied to HAAO's.
According to the Cooperatives Act (Act No: 1136)
Koop. (Kooperatif Şirket) ≈ Cooperative
Other entitites:
(irtibat bürosu): ≈ Liaison Office Şahıs Firması: ≈ Sole Proprietorship Şb. (Şube): ≈ Branch
Tunisia[edit]
شركة فردية (Entreprise individuelle) شّركة ذات مسؤوليّات محدودة ش.م.م.(Société à responsabilité limitée- SARL) شّركة فردية ذات مسؤوليّات محدودة (Société unipersonnelle à responsabilité limitée SUARL) شركة خفية الإسم (Société anonyme - SA) الشركات ذات رأس المال المتغيّر
Ukraine[edit]
DAT/ДАТ (Державне акціонерне товариство
Derzhavne Aktsionerne Tovarystvo): ≈ plc (UK), national
FOP/ФОП (фізична особа підприємець F O P):
sole proprietorship
KT (Командитне товариство Comandytne Tovarystvo):
≈ limited partnership
PT/ПT (Повне товариство Povne Tovarystvo): ≈ general
partnership
TDV/ТДВ (Товариство з додатковою
відповідальністю Tovarystvo z Dodatkvoiu
Vidpovidalnistiu): "additional liability company"
TOV/TOB (Товариство з обмеженою
відповідальністю Tovarystvo z Obmezhenoiu
Vidpovidalnistiu): ≈
Ltd.
Ltd. (UK). Minimum capital = 1 minimum wage
(UAH 960 -29.05.2011) .
PP/ПП (Приватне підприємство Pryvatne
Pidpryiemstvo): ≈
Ltd.
Ltd. (UK). No minimum capital.
VAT/ВАТ( Вiдкрите акцiонерне товариство
Vidkryte Aktsionerne Tovarystvo) or PAT/ПАТ (Публічне
акціонерне товариство Publichne Aktsionerne
Tovarystvo) since 29.04.2009: ≈ plc (UK), public. Minimum capital
UAH 630,000.
ZAT/ЗАТ (Закрите акцiонерне товариство
Zakryte Aktsionerne Tovarystvo)or PrAT/ПрАТ (Приватне
акціонерне товариство Prytvatne Aktsionerne
Tovarystvo) since 29.04.2009:: ≈ plc (UK), private.
AТ/AТ (Акціонерне товариство Aktsionerne
Tovarystvo): ≈ JSC.
Company
Company formation is regulated by the Ukrainian Civil Code and
Commercial Code, Law of Commercial companies, Law of stock companies,
law and order.
United Kingdom[edit]
CIC or community interest company
CIO or Charitable Incorporated Organisation
Industrial and provident society, e.g. a co-operative (which does
include
Ltd.
Ltd. at the end of its name) or charity
Partnerships
General partnership
LLP
LLP or
Limited liability
Limited liability partnership
Scottish limited partnerships
LP or Limited partnership
Companies[51]
Private Limited
Companies
Companies - Ltd or Limited or Cyf (Welsh Cyfyngedig)
Private company limited by shares, The liability is limited to the amount, if any, unpaid on the shares held by them. Its shares cannot be traded publicly. Private company limited by guarantee.The liability is limited to such amount as the members undertake to contribute to the assets of the company in the event of its being wound up.
Public Limited
Companies
Companies - PLC or Ccc (Welsh Cwmni Cyfyngedig
Cyhoeddus)
Public limited company: Is a limited company whose shares may be traded publicly. Requires an authorized minimum share capital of £50,000;[52] of which it must have allotted shares to the value of at least £50,000 and a minimum of 25% must be fully paid up prior to starting business.
Unlimited company
Unlimited company (or Welsh Anghyfyngedig). There is no limit on the
liability of its members. It is not a requirement under company law to
add or state the word or designation Unlimited or its abbreviations
(Unltd., or Ultd.) at the ending of its legal company name, and most
unlimited companies do not. Unlimited companies are exempted from
filing accounts with the Registrar of
Companies
Companies for public disclosure,
subject to a few exceptions (unless the company was a qualified
subsidiary or a parent of a limited company during the accounting
period).
Sole proprietorship
Sole proprietorship (Sole traders)
United States[edit]
In the United States, the individual states incorporate most
businesses. Very few special types are incorporated by the federal
government.
Tax
Tax classifications[edit]
For federal tax purposes, the
Internal Revenue Service
Internal Revenue Service has separate
entity classification rules. Under the tax rules, an entity may be
classified as a corporation, a partnership, a
Cooperative
Cooperative or a
disregarded entity. A corporation may be taxed as either a C
corporation or elect to be treated as a Subchapter S corporation. A
disregarded entity has one owner (or a married couple as owner) that
is not recognized for tax purposes as an entity separate from its
owner. Types of disregarded entities include single-member LLCs;
qualified sub-chapter S subsidiaries and qualified real estate
investment trust subsidiaries. A disregarded entity's transparent tax
status does not affect its status under state law. For example, for
federal tax purposes, a sole-member LLC (SMLLC) is disregarded, so
that all its assets and liabilities are treated as owned by its single
member. But under state law, an SMLLC can contract in its own name and
its owner is generally not personally liable for the debts and
obligations of the entity.[53] To be recognized as a
Cooperative
Cooperative for
tax purposes Cooperatives must follow certain rules under Sub Chapter
T of the Internal Revenue Code.[54]
Federally incorporated[edit]
The key word for a bank is "national". A bank chartered by the Office
of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) must have the word "national"
in its name. A bank chartered by a state cannot have "national" in its
name.
For a savings bank (formerly called a savings and loan association) or
credit union, the key word is "federal", and the same rules apply; a
federally chartered savings bank or credit union must have the word
"federal" in its name, while a state chartered savings bank or credit
union cannot have "federal" in its name.
FSB (Federal Savings Bank), formerly called federal savings and loan
association
NA (National Association), a designation used by banks chartered by
the
Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC)
NT&SA (National Trust and Savings Association), a less common
designation used by national banks
Federal Credit Union, chartered by the National Credit Union
Association (NCUA)
Many federal governmental units are specially formed public
corporations, while some private organizations have received a charter
from Congress.
State, territory or commonwealth incorporated[edit]
See also:
United States
United States corporate law
The following are the main business designations and types:
Sole proprietorship: a business consisting of a single owner (which may in turn be a business entity), not in a separately recognized business form. Trust
Partnerships[edit]
General partnership: a partnership in which all the partners are jointly and separately liable for the debts of the partnership. In most U.S. states, it can be created by agreement without requiring a public filing. The partners may themselves be legal entities or individuals. LP, Limited partnership: a partnership where at least one partner (the general partner, which may itself be an entity or an individual) has unlimited liability for the LP's debts and one or more partners (the limited partners) have limited liability (which means that they are not responsible for the LP's debts beyond the amount they agreed to invest). Limited partners generally do not participate in the management of the entity or its business. LLP, Limited Liability Partnership: a partnership where a partner's liability for the debts of the partnership is limited except in the case of liability for acts of professional negligence or malpractice. In some states, LLPs may only be formed for purposes of practicing a licensed profession, typically attorneys, accountants and architects. This is often the only form of limited partnership allowed for law firms (as opposed to general partnerships). LLLP, Limited Liability Limited Partnership: a combination of LP and LLP, available in some states.
Limited Liability Companies[edit]
LLC, LC,
Ltd.
Ltd. Co., Limited Liability Company: a form of business whose
owners enjoy limited liability, but which is not a corporation.
Allowable abbreviations vary by state. Note that in some states Ltd.
by itself is not a valid abbreviation for an LLC, because in some
states (e.g. Texas), it may denote a corporation instead. See also
Series LLC. For U.S. federal tax purposes, in general, an LLC with two
or more members is treated as a partnership, and an LLC with one
member is treated as a sole proprietorship.
PLLC, Professional Limited Liability Company: some states do not allow
certain professionals to form an LLC that would limit the liability
that results from the services professionals provide such as doctors,
medical care; lawyers, legal advice; and accountants, accounting
services; architects, architectural services; when the company formed
offers the services of the professionals. Instead those states allow a
PLLC
PLLC or in the LLC statutes, the liability limitation only applies to
the business side, such as creditors of the company, as opposed to the
client/customer service side, the level of medical care, legal
services, or accounting provided to clients. This is meant to maintain
the higher ethical standards that these professionals have committed
themselves to by becoming licensed in their profession and to prevent
them from being immune (or at least limit their immunity) to
malpractice suits.
Corporations[edit]
Corp., Inc., Corporation, Incorporated: used to denote corporations
(public or otherwise). These are the only terms universally accepted
by all 51 corporation chartering jurisdictions in the United States.
However, in some states other suffixes may be used to identify a
corporation, such as Ltd., Co./Company, or the Italian term S.p.A. (in
Connecticut; see under Italy). Some states that allow the use of
"Company" prohibit the use of "and Company", "and Co.", "&
Company" or "& Co.". In most states sole proprietorships and
partnerships may register a fictitious "doing business as" name with
the word "Company" in it. For a full list of allowed designations by
state, see the table below.
Professional corporation, PC or P.C.: those corporate entities for
which many corporation statutes make special provision, regulating the
use of the corporate form by licensed professionals such as attorneys,
architects, accountants, and doctors.
Doing
Business
Business As: denotes a business name used by a person or entity
that is different from the person's or entity's true name. DBAs are
not separate entities and do not shield the person or entity who uses
the DBA as a business name from liability for debts or lawsuits.
Filing requiments vary and are not permitted for some types of
businesses or professional practices. See also
Delaware
Delaware corporation,
Delaware
Delaware statutory trust,
Nevada
Nevada corporation, and Massachusetts
business trust.
Required designations for corporations, by U.S. state, territory or commonwealth:
State, territory or commonwealth Required in corporation name Authority
Alabama
"corporation", or "incorporated", or an abbreviation of one of such
words, or if a banking corporation the words "bank", "banking", or
"bankers"
§ 10-2B-4.01(a)(1) Code of
Alabama
Alabama 1975
Alaska
"corporation", "company", "incorporated", or "limited", or an
abbreviation of one of these words; may not contain the word "city",
"borough", or "village" or otherwise imply that the corporation is a
municipality.
§10.06.105 (a) and (b),
Alaska
Alaska Corporations Code
Arizona
"association", "bank", "company", "corporation", "limited" or
"incorporated" or an abbreviation of one of these words or the
equivalent in a foreign language.
Corporation
Corporation may not use "bank",
"deposit", "credit union", "trust" or "trust company" unless it also
has a license to operate one. May not use "limited liability company"
or "limited company" or the abbreviations "L.L.C.", "L.C.", "LLC" or
"LC"
§10-401
Arizona
Arizona Revised Statutes
Arkansas
"Corporation", "Company", or "Incorporated", or shall contain an
abbreviation of one of those words; but the name may not end with the
word "Company" nor the abbreviation "Co." if the final word or
abbreviation is immediately preceded by "and" or any symbol for "and"
§4-26-401 (1),
Arkansas
Arkansas Code
California
"corporation", "incorporated" or "limited" or an abbreviation of one
of such words is required and for a statutory close corporations for
corporate provisions to apply. May not contain "bank", " trust",
"trustee" or "credit union" unless approved by the Commissioner of
Financial Institutions.
§202(a),
California
California Corporations Code
Colorado
"corporation", "incorporated", "company", "limited", "corp.", inc.",
"co." or "ltd"; If the corporation is a professional corporation, it
must contain the term or abbreviation "professional corporation",
"p.c.", or "pc".
§7-90-601,
Colorado
Colorado Revised Statutes
Connecticut "corporation", "incorporated", "company", "Societa per Azioni" or "limited", or the abbreviation "corp.", "inc.", "co.", "S.p.A." or "ltd." §33-655 General Statutes of Connecticut
Delaware
"association", "company", "corporation", "club", "foundation", "fund",
"incorporated", "institute", "society", "union", "syndicate", or
"limited", (or abbreviations thereof, with or without punctuation), or
words (or abbreviations thereof, with or without punctuation) of like
import of foreign countries or jurisdictions (provided they are
written in Roman characters or letters)
Title 8, §102,
Delaware
Delaware Code
District of Columbia
"corporation", "company", "incorporated", or "limited", or shall
contain an abbreviation of 1 of such words
§ 29-101.08
District of Columbia
District of Columbia Official Code
Florida
"corporation", "company", or "incorporated" or the abbreviation
"Corp.", "Inc.", or "Co.", or the designation "Corp", "Inc", or "Co",
§607.0401
Florida
Florida Statutes
Georgia 'corporation,' 'incorporated,' 'company,' or 'limited,' or the abbreviation 'corp.,' 'inc.,' 'co.,' or 'ltd.,' or words or abbreviations of like import in another language; must not be longer than 80 characters O.C.G.A. § 14-2-401
Guam
"corporation", "incorporated", "company", or "limited", or the
abbreviation "corp.", "inc.", "co.", or "ltd.", or words or
abbreviations of like import in another language; if the word
"company" or its abbreviation is used, it shall not be immediately
preceded by the word "and" or an abbreviation or symbol representing
the word "and."
Title 18, § 2110,
Guam
Guam Code Annotated
Hawaii
"corporation", "incorporated", or "limited", or the abbreviation
"corp.", "inc.", or "ltd."
§414-51
Hawaii
Hawaii Revised Statutes
Idaho
"corporation", "incorporated", "company", "limited", or the
abbreviation "corp.", "inc.", "co.", or "ltd.", or words or
abbreviations of like import in another language; provided however,
that if the word "company" or its abbreviation is used it shall not be
immediately preceded by the word "and" or by an abbreviation of or
symbol representing the word "and"
§30-1-401
Idaho
Idaho Statutes
Illinois
"corporation", "company", "incorporated", or "limited", or an
abbreviation of one of such words
805 ILCS 5/4.05
Illinois
Illinois Compiled Statutes
Indiana
"corporation", "incorporated", "company", or "limited", or the
abbreviation "corp.", "inc.", "co.", or "ltd.", or words or
abbreviations of like import in another language
§ 23-1-23-1
Indiana
Indiana Code
Iowa
"corporation", "incorporated", "company", or "limited", or the
abbreviation "corp.", "inc.", "co.", or "ltd.", or words or
abbreviations of like import in another language.
§490.401
Iowa
Iowa Acts
Kansas
(except for banks) "association", "church", "college", "company",
"corporation", "club", "foundation", "fund", "incorporated",
"institute", "society", "union", "university", "syndicate" or
"limited", or one of the abbreviations "co.", "corp.", "inc.", "ltd.",
or words or abbreviations of like import in other languages if they
are written in Roman characters or letters
§17-6002
Kansas
Kansas Statutes
Kentucky
"corporation", "incorporated" or the abbreviation "Inc.", or the word
"company" or the abbreviation "Co."; but if the word "company" or the
abbreviation "Co." is used, it may not be immediately preceded by the
word "and" or the abbreviation "&."
§273.177
Kentucky
Kentucky Revised Statutes
Louisiana
(except for railroad, telegraph and telephone corporations)
"Corporation", "Incorporated" or "Limited", or the abbreviation of any
of those words, or may contain instead the word "Company" or the
abbreviation "Co." if the latter word or abbreviation is not
immediately preceded by the word "and" or the symbol "&". No
corporate name shall contain the phrase "doing business as" or the
abbreviation "d/b/a". Only a bank or bank holding company is allowed
to use any of "bank", "banker", "banking", "savings", "safe deposit",
"trust", "trustee", "building and loan", "homestead", "credit union",
"insurance", "casualty", "redevelopment corporation", or "electric
cooperative".
§12:23
Louisiana
Louisiana Revised Statutes
Maine
words or abbreviations of words that describe the nature of the
entity, including "professional association", "corporation",
"company", "incorporated", "chartered", "limited", "limited
partnership", "limited liability company", "professional limited
liability company", "limited liability partnership", "registered
limited liability partnership", "service corporation" or "professional
corporation"; beginning July 1, 2007, may also include "limited
liability limited partnership"
for business corporations: Title 13-C § 401
Maine
Maine Revised Statutes;
for non-profit corporations: Title 13-B § 301-A
Maine
Maine Revised
Statutes
Maryland
For Corporations: "Company", if it is not preceded by the word "and"
or a symbol for the word "and"; "Corporation", "Incorporated" or
"Limited" or abbreviations; for
Limited liability
Limited liability companies: "limited
liability company", "L.L.C.", "LLC", "L.C.", or "LC"; for Limited
liability partnerships: "limited liability partnership", "L.L.P." or
"LLP"; for Limited partnerships: "limited partnership", "L.P.", or
"LP"; for
Limited liability
Limited liability limited partnerships: "limited liability
limited partnership", "L.L.L.P.", or "LLLP"; for Professional
corporations: "chartered", "chtd.", "professional association",
"P.A.", "professional corporation", or "P.C."
Maryland
Maryland Code CORPORATIONS AND ASSOCIATIONS § 1-502
Massachusetts "any name which, in the judgment of the secretary, indicates that it is a corporation" GENERAL LAWS OF MASSACHUSETTS Chapter 155: Section 9
Michigan "corporation", "company", "incorporated", or "limited" or shall contain 1 of the following abbreviations, corp., co., inc., or ltd. Act 284 of 1972 Section 450.1211 MICHIGAN BUSINESS CORPORATION ACT
Minnesota
nonprofit corporations are not required to use any of these words; for
business corporations, they must use "corporation", "incorporated", or
"limited", or shall contain an abbreviation of one or more of these
words, or the word "company" or the abbreviation "Co." if that word or
abbreviation is not immediately preceded by the word "and" or the
character "&"
Chapter 302A, Section 302A.115
Minnesota
Minnesota Statutes (for Business
Corporations); Chapter 317A, Section 317A.115
Minnesota
Minnesota Statutes (for
non-profit corporations)
Mississippi
"corporation", "incorporated", "company" or "limited", or the
abbreviation "corp.", "inc.", "co." or "ltd." or words or
abbreviations of like import in another language
§ 79-4-4.01
Mississippi
Mississippi code
Missouri "corporation", "company", "incorporated", or "limited", or shall end with an abbreviation of one of said words
Chapter 351 Section 351.110
Missouri
Missouri Revised Statutes
Montana
"corporation", "incorporated", "company", or "limited"; the
abbreviation "corp.", "inc.", "co.", or "ltd."; or words or
abbreviations of similar meaning in another language
35-1-308
Montana
Montana Code Annotated
Nebraska
corporation, incorporated, company, or limited, or the abbreviation
corp., inc., co., or ltd., or words or abbreviations of like import in
another language, except that a corporation organized to conduct a
banking business under the
Nebraska
Nebraska Banking Act may use a name which
includes the word bank without using any such words or abbreviations
Section 21-2028 State of
Nebraska
Nebraska Statutes
Nevada
No specific requirements stated except that a name appearing to be
that of a natural person and containing a given name or initials must
not be used as a corporate name except with an additional word or
words such as "Incorporated", "Limited", "Inc.", "Ltd.", "Company",
"Co.", "Corporation", "Corp.", or other word which identifies it as
not being a natural person
78.035
Nevada
Nevada Revised Statutes
New Hampshire
Contain the word "corporation", "incorporated", or "limited" or the
abbreviation "corp." ""inc.", or "ltd."
New Hampshire
New Hampshire Revised Statutes TITLE XXVII; Section 293-A:4.01 for
business corporations
New Jersey
Shall contain the word "corporation", "company", "incorporated", or
shall contain an abbreviation of one of those words, or shall include
the abbreviation Ltd.
New Jersey
New Jersey Statutes 14A:2-2
New Mexico
contain the separate word "corporation", "company", "incorporated" or
"limited" or shall contain a separate abbreviation of one of these
words
New
Mexico
Mexico Statutes Unannotated 53-11-7
New York
Shall contain the word "corporation", "incorporated" or "limited", or
an abbreviation of one of such words; there is also a long list of
words a business corporation is not allowed to use without additional
approval from other agencies including "board of trade", "state
police", "urban development", "chamber of commerce", "state trooper",
"urban relocation", "community renewal", "tenant relocation",
"acceptance", "endowment", "loan", "annuity", "fidelity", "mortgage",
"assurance", "finance", "savings" and many others
New York State Consolidated Laws,
Business
Business Corporations Law §301;
Not-For-Profit Corporations Law, §301
North Carolina
a corporation must contain the word "corporation", "incorporated",
"company", or "limited", or the abbreviation "corp.", "inc.", "co.",
or "ltd."; a limited liability company must contain the words "limited
liability company" or the abbreviation "L.L.C." or "LLC", or the
combination "ltd. liability co.", "limited liability co.", or "ltd.
liability company"; a limited partnership that is not a limited
liability limited partnership must contain the words "limited
partnership", the abbreviation "L.P." or "LP", or the combination
"ltd. partnership"; a limited liability limited partnership must
contain the words "registered limited liability limited partnership"
or "limited liability limited partnership" or the abbreviation
"L.L.L.P.", "R.L.L.L.P.", "LLLP", or "RLLLP"; a registered limited
liability partnership's name must contain the words "registered
limited liability partnership" or "limited liability partnership" or
the abbreviation "L.L.P.", "R.L.L.P.", "LLP" or "RLLP".
North Carolina
North Carolina General Statutes § 55D‑20
North Dakota
must contain the word "company", "corporation", "incorporated",
"limited", or an abbreviation of one or more of these words; may not
contain the words "limited liability company", "limited partnership",
"limited liability partnership", "limited liability limited
partnership", or any abbreviation of these words.
North Dakota
North Dakota century Code 10-19.1-13
Ohio
It shall end with or include the word or abbreviation "company",
"co.", "corporation", "corp.", "incorporated", or "inc."
Ohio
Ohio Revised Code §1701.05
Oklahoma
The name of the corporation which shall contain one of the words
"association", "company", "corporation", "club", "foundation", "fund",
"incorporated", "institute", "society", "union", "syndicate", or
"limited" or abbreviations thereof, with or without punctuation
Oklahoma
Oklahoma Statutes §18-1006
Oregon
For private corporations it shall contain one or more of the words
"corporation", "incorporated", "company" or "limited" or an
abbreviation of one or more of those words; shall not contain the word
"cooperative." For non-profit corporations there is no specific
requirement except the name cannot imply a purpose not dictated in its
articles of incorporation and cannot contain the word "cooperative" or
the phrase "limited partnership."
Oregon
Oregon Revised Statutes 60.094 for Private Corporations; ORS 65.094
for Non-Profit corporations
Pennsylvania
Corporation, Corp., Company, Co., Incorporated, Inc., Limited, Ltd.,
Association., Fund., Syndicate or words or abbreviations of like
import in languages other than English.
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania Code, Chapter 19, §23.3
Puerto Rico Corporation, Corp. or Inc., or words or abbreviations of like import in other languages, provided they are written in roman letters or characters. Title 14, Subtitle 4, §2602, Laws of Puerto Rico.
Rhode Island
"corporation", "company", "incorporated", or "limited", or an
abbreviation of one of these words
Rhode Island
Rhode Island General Laws § 7-1.2-401
South Carolina
"corporation", "incorporated", "company", or "limited", the
abbreviation "corp.", "inc.", "co.", or "ltd.", or words or
abbreviations of like import in another language
South Carolina
South Carolina Code of Laws Section 33-4-101
South Dakota
corporation, incorporated, company, or limited, or the abbreviation,
corp., inc., co., or ltd., or terms or abbreviations of like import in
another language
South Dakota
South Dakota Codified Laws 47-1A-401
Tennessee
"corporation", "incorporated", "company", or the abbreviation "corp.",
"inc.", "co.", or words or abbreviations of like import in another
language (provided they are written in Roman characters or letters);
existing corporations which were formed using only "limited" or "ltd"
are not required to change their name
§ 48-14-101
Tennessee
Tennessee Code
Texas
"company", "corporation", "incorporated", or "limited", or an
abbreviation of one of those words.
Texas
Texas
Business
Business Organizations Code § 5.054
U.S. Virgin Islands name shall be such as to indicate that it is a corporation as distinguished from a natural person or partnership. Title Thirteen, § 2, Virgin Islands Code
Utah
"corporation", "incorporated", "company"; the abbreviation: "corp.",
"inc." or "co." or words or abbreviations of like import to the words
or abbreviations listed in another language; without the written
consent of the
United States
United States Olympic Committee, may not contain the
words "Olympic", "Olympiad", or "Citius Altius Fortius"; without the
written consent of the Division of Consumer Protection may not contain
the words "university", "college" or "institute"
§ 16-10a-401
Utah
Utah Code
Vermont
"corporation", "incorporated", "company", or "limited", or the
abbreviation "corp.", "inc.", "co.", or "ltd.", or words or
abbreviations of like import in another language; shall not have the
word "cooperative" or any abbreviation thereof as part of its name
unless the corporation is a worker cooperative corporation;
Title 11A, § 4.01
Vermont
Vermont Statutes
Virginia "corporation", "incorporated", "company", or "limited", or the abbreviation "corp.", "inc.", "co.", or "ltd." § 13.1-630. Code of Virginia
Washington "corporation", "incorporated", "company", or "limited", or the abbreviation "corp.", "inc.", "co.", or "ltd."; must not include "Bank", "banking", "banker", "trust", "cooperative", or any combination of the words "industrial" and "loan", or any combination of any two or more of the words "building", "savings", "loan", "home", "association", and "society", § 23B.04.010 Revised Code of Washington
West Virginia
"corporation", "incorporated", "company" or "limited", or the
abbreviation "corp.", "inc.", "co." or "ltd.", or words or
abbreviations of like import in another language
§31D-4-401 West
Virginia
Virginia Code
Wisconsin
"corporation", "incorporated", "company" or "limited" or the
abbreviation "corp.", "inc.", "co." or "ltd." or words or
abbreviations of like import in another language
§180.0401
Wisconsin
Wisconsin Statutes (for Stock corporations) and §181.0401
Wisconsin
Wisconsin Statutes (for non-stock corporations)
Wyoming
Unclear; apparently any of "corporation", "company", "incorporated",
and probably the usual abbreviations of "Corp." "Co." and "Inc."
§ 17-16-401.
Wyoming
Wyoming Statutes
Uzbekistan[edit]
MChJ (Mas'uliyati Cheklangan Jamiyat/Масъулияти Чекланган Жамият): limited liability company QMJ (Qo'shimcha ma'suliyatli jamiyat/Қўшимча масъулиятли жамият): additional liability company AJ (Aksiyadorlik jamiyati/Акциядорлик жамияти): joint-stock company
OAJ (Ochiq aksiyadorlik jamiyati/Очиқ акциядорлик жамияти): public joint-stock company YoAJ (Yopiq aksiyadorlik jamiyati/Ёпиқ акциядорлик жамияти): closed joint-stock company
XK (Xususiy korxona/Хусусий корхона): private company XT (Xususiy tadbirkorlik/Хусусий тадбиркорлик): sole proprietorship OK (Oilaviy korxona/Оилавий корхона): family company UK (Unitar korxona/Унитар корхона): unitary enterprise QK (Qo'shma korxona/Қўшма корхона): joint venture
Vietnam[edit]
Cty TNHH (Công ty trách nhiệm hữu hạn / "
Company
Company with Limited
Liablity"): Limited Liability Company
Cty TNHH MTV (Công ty trách nhiệm hữu hạn một thành viên/
"Limited Liablity
Company
Company with a Single member") since 2005
Cty CP (Công ty cổ phần / "
Company
Company with Joint Stock"): Joint
Stock Company
Công ty hợp danh / "
Company
Company of Partners": Partnership
Doanh nghiệp hợp danh / "Enterprise Partnership": Partnership
DNNN (Doanh nghiệp nhà nước / "Enterprise of the State"):
State-Owned Enterprise
DNTN (Doanh nghiệp tư nhân / "Enterprise Private"): Proprietorship
DTNN (Doanh nghiệp có vốn đầu tư nước ngoài "Enterprise
with Foreign Investment"): Foreign Investment Enterprise
HTX (Hợp tác xã/ Co-operation)
Chi nhánh :
Branch
Branch Company
Nhóm Cty (Công Ty / "Group Company"): Holding Company
See also[edit]
List of company registers
References[edit]
^ "Choose a legal structure for a new business". GOV.UK. Retrieved 19
December 2012.
^
Limited liability
Limited liability company
^ "Sociedades de Garantía Reciproca".
^ "Sociedades de Garantía Reciproca".
Argentina
Argentina Ministry of Industry.
Retrieved 21 July 2013.
^ "What is an Incorporated Limited Partnership?". LegalVision.
2016-11-06. Retrieved 2017-08-15.
^ "Types of Business". Ministry of Finance,
Brunei
Brunei Darussalam.
Retrieved 29 April 2016.
^ "Types of Business".
Brunei
Brunei Economic Development Board. Retrieved 29
April 2016.
^ "NS vs. Alberta ULCs". Retrieved 15 October 2014.
^ "Agenda brochure" (PDF). www.sbif.cl.
^
Trade
Trade Associations Act (in Croatian)
http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2011_12_152_3144.html
^
Trade
Trade Associations Act, article 389, section 2 (in Croatian)
http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2011_12_152_3144.html
^
Trade
Trade Associations Act - Addendum (in Croatian)
http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2012_10_111_2392.html
^ Cooperatives Act (in Croatian)
http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2011_03_34_764.html
^
Sole proprietorship
Sole proprietorship Act (in Croatian)
http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2013_12_143_3065.html
^ Ministry of entrepreneurship and crafts portal (in Croatian)
http://portor.mingorp.hr/sporedna.htm
^ Agriculture Act (in Croatian)
http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2015_03_30_612.html
^ http://obchodni-zakonik.eu/akciova-spolecnost/ § 154 a
následující Obchodního zákoníku
^ http://obchodni-zakonik.eu/spolecnost-s-rucenim-omezenym/ § 105 a
následující Obchodního zákoníku
^ Castllo Silverio, YuniorAndrés. "Constitución de Compañía CXA, y
un Analisis de la Ley 479-08". Retrieved 21 July 2013.
^ Religious Freedom Act (453/2003), Chapter 2
^ Laki Suomen Punaisesta Rististä (453/2003). Retrieved 31-05-2012.
^ The decision of the Ministry of Justice to approve the bylaws of the
general bar association (191/1959). Retrieved 31-05-2012
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved
2008-02-12.
^ Asunto-osakeyhtiölaki (1599/2009). Retrieved 31-05-2012.
^ a b Vakuutusyhtiölaki, Article 10. Retrieved 31-05-2012
^ Asunto-osakeyhtiölaki (1599/2009), Chapter 28. Retrieved
31-05-2012.
^ Finnish Sea Act (674/1994), Chapter 5 "Laivaisännistöyhtiö".
Retrieved 31-5-2012.
^ Säästöpankkilaki (1502/2001). Retrieved 31-05-2012.
^ Vesilaki (587/2011), Chapter 6. Retrieved 31-05-2012
^ a b Vesilaki (587/2011), Chapter 7. Retrieved 31-05-2012
^ Laki yksityisistä teistä (358/1962), §50. Retrieved 31-5-2012
^ Vesilaki (587/2011), Chapter 9. Retrieved 31-05-2012
^ Vesilaki (587/2011), Chapter 12. Retrieved 31-05-2012
^ Yhteisaluelaki (758/1989). Retrieved 31-05-2012
^ Yhtesimetsälaki (109/2003). Retrieved 31-05-2012
^
http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bgb/BJNR001950896.html#BJNR001950896BJNG006502377
§§ 705 ff. BGB
^ "Act IV of 2006 on
Business
Business Associations". Ministry of Foreign
Affairs. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
^ "Changes in Hungarian corporate law in the new Civil Code".
Eversheds. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
^ "A kft. a legnépszerűbb cégforma". 24.hu. Retrieved 28 December
2015.
^ "Kht helyett nonprofit gazdasági társaság". Vállalkozói negyed.
Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 28 December
2015.
^ (in Italian) Libro Quinto - Titolo V: Delle società: Capo V:
Della società per azioni. Wikisource.
^ "Inschrijven bij de Kamer van Koophandel". Retrieved 15 October
2014.
^ "Register a Joint Stock Company". Sultanate of Oman, Ministry of
Commerce and Industry. Retrieved 21 July 2013. The commercial name
should bear Omani Joint Stock
Company
Company (S.A.O.G)
^ "Require to obtain pre approval to carry on business of the
companies operating in the field of securities". Sultanate of Oman,
Capital Market Authority.
^ "Sociedad Anonima Cerrada y Abierta". 27 July 2007. Archived from
the original on 10 August 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
^
Singapore
Singapore
Business
Business Types Archived 2011-09-10 at the Wayback Machine.
^ registering subsidiary company "Registration info" Check url= value
(help). www.sbsgroup.com.sg.
^ "(The new companies' act that was always spoken about is now a
reality)".
^ "Gábilos -
Sociedad Anónima
Sociedad Anónima Laboral", www.gabilos.com (in
Spanish)
^ "SOCIETAT COOPERATIVA CATALANA LIMITADA (SCCL)" (PDF),
www.elclubdelemprenedor.org (in Spanish) [permanent dead link]
^ "
Companies
Companies Act 2006". Parliament of the United Kingdom. Retrieved
2016-10-13.
^ "Types of Limited Company".
Business
Business Link. Retrieved
2008-05-16.
^ Presti and Naegele Newsletter, 4 April 2012.
^ "IRS Sub Chapter T". Retrieved 15 October 2014.
External links[edit]
"
Company
Company Extensions and Security Identifiers".
CorporateInformation.com. The Winthrop