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Broader definition
Egypt
Greece
Cyrenaica
Cyrenaica (Libya)
Turkey
Turkey (whole territory)
Population 44,550,926[a]
Demonym Levantine
Languages Levantine Arabic, Hebrew, Aramaic, Armenian, Circassian, Greek, Kurdish, Ladino, Turkish, Domari
Time Zones
UTC+02:00 (EET) (
Turkey
Turkey and Cyprus)
Largest cities
Damascus Amman Aleppo Baghdad Beirut Gaza Jerusalem Tel Aviv
The
Levant
Levant (/ləˈvænt/) is an approximate historical geographical
term referring to a large area in the Eastern Mediterranean. In its
narrowest sense it is equivalent to the historical region of Syria. In
its widest historical sense, the
Levant
Levant included all of the eastern
Mediterranean with its islands,[3] that is, it included all of the
countries along the
Eastern Mediterranean shores, extending from
Greece
Greece to Cyrenaica.[2][4]
The term entered English in the late
15th century
15th century from French.[3] It
derives from the Italian Levante, meaning "rising", implying the
rising of the sun in the east.[2][4] As such, it is broadly equivalent
to the term Al-
Mashriq
Mashriq (Arabic: اَلْـمَـشْـرِق,
[ʔalmaʃriq])[5], meaning "the land where the sun rises".[6] In the
13th and 14th centuries, the term levante was used for Italian
maritime commerce in the Eastern Mediterranean, including Greece,
Anatolia, Syria-Palestine, and Egypt, that is, the lands east of
Venice.[2] Eventually the term was restricted to the
Muslim
Muslim countries
of
Syria-Palestine
Syria-Palestine and Egypt.[2] In 1581, England set up the Levant
Company to monopolize commerce with the Ottoman Empire.[2] The name
Levant
Levant States was used to refer to the French mandate over
Syria
Syria and
Lebanon
Lebanon after World War I.[2][4] This is probably the reason why the
term
Levant
Levant has come to be used synonymously with Syria-Palestine.[2]
Some scholars misunderstood the term thinking that it derives from the
name of Lebanon.[2] Today the term is often used in conjunction with
prehistoric or ancient historical references. It has the same meaning
as "Syria-Palestine" or Ash-
Shaam
Shaam (Arabic: الـشَّـام,
/ʔaʃ-ʃaːm/), the area that is bounded by the
Taurus Mountains
Taurus Mountains of
Turkey
Turkey in the North, the
Mediterranean Sea
Mediterranean Sea in the west, and the north
Arabian Desert
Arabian Desert and
Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia in the east.[7] It does not include
Anatolia
Anatolia (also called
Asia
Asia Minor), the
Caucasus
Caucasus Mountains, or any part
of the
Arabian Peninsula
Arabian Peninsula proper.
Cilicia
Cilicia (in
Asia
Asia Minor) and the Sinai
Peninsula (Asian Egypt) are sometimes included.
The term
Levant
Levant was widely used to describe the region from the 18th
to the mid-19th centuries, and has had steady but lower usage since
the late 19th century;[8] several dictionaries consider it to be
"archaic" today.[9] [10] [11] Both the noun
Levant
Levant and the adjective
Levantine are now commonly used to describe the ancient and modern
culture area formerly called Syro-Palestinian or Biblical:
archaeologists now speak of the
Levant
Levant and of Levantine
archaeology;[12][13][14][15] food scholars speak of Levantine
cuisine;[16][17] and the
Latin
Latin
Christians
Christians of the
Levant
Levant continue to be
called Levantine Christians.[18]
The
Levant
Levant has been described as the "crossroads of western Asia, the
eastern Mediterranean, and northeast Africa",[19] and the "northwest
of the Arabian plate".[20] The populations of the Levant[21][22] share
not only the geographic position, but cuisine, some customs, and a
very long history. They are often referred to as Levantines.[23]
Contents
1 Etymology 2 Geography and modern-day use of the term 3 History 4 Politics and religion 5 Language 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 Further reading 11 External links
Etymology See also: Names of the Levant
French medal commemorating the war in Cilicia
The term Levant, which appeared in English in 1497, originally meant
the
East
East in general or "Mediterranean lands east of Italy".[24] It is
borrowed from the French levant "rising", referring to the rising of
the sun in the east,[24] or the point where the sun rises.[25] The
phrase is ultimately from the
Latin
Latin word levare, meaning 'lift,
raise'. Similar etymologies are found in Greek Ἀνατολή
(Anatolē, cf. Anatolia), in Germanic Morgenland (literally, "morning
land"), in Italian (as in "Riviera di Levante", the portion of the
Liguria coast east of Genoa), in Hungarian Kelet, in Spanish and
Catalan Levante and Llevant, ("the place of rising"), and in Hebrew
(Hebrew: מִזְרָח, mizrāḥ). Most notably, "Orient" and its
Latin
Latin source oriens meaning "east", is literally "rising", deriving
from
Latin
Latin orior "rise".[26]
The notion of the
Levant
Levant has undergone a dynamic process of historical
evolution in usage, meaning, and understanding. While the term
"Levantine" originally referred to the European residents of the
eastern Mediterranean region, it later came to refer to regional
"native" and "minority" groups.[27]
The term became current in English in the 16th century, along with the
first English merchant adventurers in the region; English ships
appeared in the Mediterranean in the 1570s, and the English merchant
company signed its agreement ("capitulations") with the Ottoman Sultan
in 1579.[28] The English
Levant Company
Levant Company was founded in 1581 to trade
with the Ottoman Empire, and in 1670 the French Compagnie du Levant
was founded for the same purpose. At this time, the Far
East
East was known
as the "Upper Levant".[2]
Postcard bearing a French stamp inscribed Levant
In early 19th-century travel writing, the term sometimes incorporated
certain Mediterranean provinces of the Ottoman empire, as well as
independent
Greece
Greece (and especially the Greek islands). In 19th-century
archaeology, it referred to overlapping cultures in this region during
and after prehistoric times, intending to reference the place instead
of any one culture. The French mandate of
Syria
Syria and Lebanon
(1920–1946) was called the
Levant
Levant states.[2][4]
Geography and modern-day use of the term
Satellite view of the
Levant
Levant including Cyprus, Syria, Israel, Jordan,
Lebanon, Palestine and the Northern Sinai
Today, "Levant" is the term typically used by archaeologists and
historians with reference to the history of the region. Scholars have
adopted the term
Levant
Levant to identify the region due to it being a
"wider, yet relevant, cultural corpus" that does not have the
"political overtones" of Syria-Palestine.[b][c] The term is also used
for modern events, peoples, states or parts of states in the same
region,[29] namely Cyprus, Egypt, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon,
Palestine, Syria, and
Turkey
Turkey are sometimes considered
Levant
Levant countries
(compare with Near East, Middle East,
Eastern Mediterranean and
Western Asia). Several researchers include the island of
Cyprus
Cyprus in
Levantine studies, including the Council for British Research in the
Levant,[30] the
UCLA
UCLA Near Eastern Languages and Cultures
department,[31] Journal of Levantine Studies[32] and the UCL Institute
of Archaeology,[19] the last of which has dated the connection between
Cyprus
Cyprus and mainland
Levant
Levant to the early Iron Age. Archaeologists
seeking a neutral orientation that is neither biblical nor national
have used terms such as
Levantine archaeology
Levantine archaeology and archaeology of the
Southern Levant.[33][34]
While the usage of the term "Levant" in academia has been restricted
to the fields of archeology and literature, there is a recent attempt
to reclaim the notion of the
Levant
Levant as a category of analysis in
political and social sciences. Two academic journals were recently
launched: Journal of Levantine Studies, published by the Van Leer
Jerusalem
Jerusalem Institute and The Levantine Review, published by Boston
College.
ISIL has adopted the term "Levant" within the English translation of
their self-designation.[citation needed]
History
Main articles: History of the Middle East, Prehistory of the Levant,
History of the ancient Levant, History of Palestine, and History of
Israel
Politics and religion
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The largest religious group in the
Levant
Levant are the Muslims and the
largest cultural-linguistic group are Arabs, due to the Muslim
conquest of the
Levant
Levant in the 7th century and subsequent Arabization
of the region.[35][36] Other large ethnic groups in the
Levant
Levant include
Jews, Kurds, Turkmens, Assyrians and Armenians.[37]
The majority of Levantines are Sunni, Salafi, nondenominational or
Shia Muslim. There are also Jews, Christians,
Yazidi
Yazidi Kurds, Alawites,
Nizari, Druze, and Ismailis.[citation needed]
Until the establishment of the modern State of
Israel
Israel in 1948, Jews
lived throughout the
Levant
Levant alongside Muslims and Christians; since
then, almost all have been expelled from their homes and sought refuge
in Israel.
There are many Levantine Christian groups such as Greek and Oriental
Orthodox Mainly Syriac Orthodox, Maronite, Roman Catholic, and
Protestant.
Armenians
Armenians mostly belong to the Armenian Apostolic Church.
There are Levantines or Franco-Levantines who are mostly Roman
Catholic. There are also Circassians, Turks, Samaritans, and Nawars.
There are Assyrian peoples belonging to the Assyrian Church of the
East
East (autonomous) and the Chaldean Catholic Church
(Catholic).[citation needed]
In addition, this region has a number of sites that are of religious
significance, such as Al-Aqsa Mosque,[38] the Church of the Holy
Sepulchre,[39] and the Western Wall[40] in Jerusalem.
Language
Most Levantine populations speak Levantine Arabic, also known as
Mediterranean Arabic (شامي, Šāmī). In Israel, the primary
language is Hebrew; Arabic is an official language, and the Arab
minority speaks a dialect of
Levantine Arabic
Levantine Arabic essentially
indistinguishable from the forms spoken in the Palestinian
territories. In Cyprus, the majority language is Greek, followed by
Turkish, and then a dialect of Levantine Arabic, Cypriot Maronite
Arabic. Some communities and populations speak Aramaic, Greek,
Armenian, Circassian, French, or English.[citation needed]
August Jochmus (freiherr von Cotignola)'s The Syrian War and the
Decline of the Ottoman Empire, 1840-1848: In Reports, Documents, and
Correspondences, Etc, Volume 1, published in 1883, stated that Italian
was previously the most common western European language in the
Levant, but that it was being replaced by French.[41]
See also
Middle
East
East portal
Overlapping regional designations
Fertile Crescent
Mashriq
Mesopotamia
Near
East
East and Middle East
Western Asia
Sub-regional designations
Southern Levant
Other
French post offices in the
Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire ("Levant" stamps)
History of the Levant
Islamic State of
Iraq
Iraq and the
Levant
Levant (Referred to in current events as
ISIL or ISIS)
Levantines (
Latin
Latin Christians), Catholic Europeans in the Levant
Levantine Sea
Other places in the east of a larger region
Levante, Spain Riviera di Levante, Italy
Notes
^ Population of 44,550,926 found by adding all the countries'
populations (Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Palestine and
Hatay Province)
^ "Nevertheless, despite such a well-reasoned basis for the
identification of Levantine archaeology, the adoption of this term by
many scholars has been, for the most part, simply the result of
individual attempts to consider a wider, yet relevant, cultural corpus
than that which is suggested by the use of terms like Canaan, Israel,
or even Syria-Palestine. Regardless of the manner in which the term
has come into common use, for a couple of additional reasons it seems
clear that the
Levant
Levant will remain the term of choice. In the first
place scholars have shown a penchant for the term Levant, despite the
fact that the term ‘Syria-Palestine’ has been advocated since the
late 1970s. This is evident from the fact that no journal or series
today has adopted a title that includes ‘Syria-Palestine’.
However, the journal
Levant
Levant has been published since 1969 and since
1990, Ägypten und Levante has also attracted a plethora of papers
relating to the archaeology of this region. Furthermore, a search
through any electronic database of titles reveals an overwhelming
adoption of the term ‘Levant’ when compared to
‘Syria-Palestine’ for archaeological studies. Undoubtedly, this is
mostly due to the fact that ‘Syria-Palestine’ was a Roman
administrative division of the
Levant
Levant created by Hadrian (Millar
1993). The term ‘Syria-Palestine’ also carries political overtones
that inadvertently evoke current efforts to establish a full-fledged
Palestinian state. Scholars have recognized, therefore, that—for at
least the time being—they can spare themselves further headaches by
adopting the term
Levant
Levant to identify this region" (Burke
2010)[page needed]
^ "At the beginning of this Introduction I have indicated how
difficult it is to choose a general accepted name for the region this
book deals with. In Europe we are used to the late Roman name
'Palestine,' and the designation 'Palestinian Archaeology' has a long
history. According to Byzantine usage it included Cis
Jordan
Jordan and
Trans
Jordan
Jordan and even
Lebanon
Lebanon and Sinai. In modern times, however, the
name 'Palestine' has exclusively become the political designation for
a restricted area. Furthermore, in the period this book deals with a
region called 'Palestine' did not yet exist. Also the ancient name
'Canaan' cannot be used as it refers to an older period in history.
Designations as: 'The Land(s) of the Bible' or 'the Holy Land' evoke
the suspicion of a theological bias. 'The Land of Israel' does not
apply to the situation because it never included
Lebanon
Lebanon or the
greater part of modern Jordan. Therefore I have joined those who today
advocate the designation 'Southern Levant.' Although I confess that it
is an awkward name, it is at least strictly geographical." (Geus 2003,
p. 6)
References
^ Gagarin 2009, p. 247; Encarta 2009, "Levant"; Oxford Dictionaries 2015. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Gagarin 2009, p. 247 ^ a b Oxford Dictionaries 2015. ^ a b c d Encarta 2009, "Levant" ^ Gagarin 2009, p. 247; Naim 2011, p. 921;
Amy Chua (2004), World on Fire: How Exporting Free Market Democracy
Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability p. 212;
Mandyam Srinivasan, Theodore Stank, Philippe-Pierre Dornier, Kenneth
Petersen (2014), Global Supply Chains: Evaluating Regions on an EPIC
Framework – Economy, Politics, Infrastructure, and Competence:
“EPIC” Structure – Economy, Politics, Infrastructure, and
Competence, p. 3;
Ayubi, Nazih N. (1996), Over-stating the Arab State: Politics and
Society in the Middle
East
East p. 108;
David Thomas, Alexander Mallett (2012), Christian-
Muslim
Muslim Relations. A
Bibliographical History. Volume 4 (1200-1350), p. 145;
Jeff Lesser (1999), Negotiating National Identity: Immigrants,
Minorities, and the Struggle for Ethnicity in Brazil p. 45
^ Naim 2011, p. 921.
^ Margreet L. Steiner; Ann E. Killebrew (2014). The Oxford Handbook of
the Archaeology of the Levant: C. 8000-332 BCE. OUP Oxford.
p. 35. ISBN 978-0-19-921297-2. The western coastline and the
eastern deserts set the boundaries for the Levant... The Euphrates and
the area around Jebel el-Bishrī mark the eastern boundary of the
northern Levant, as does the
Syrian Desert
Syrian Desert beyond the Anti-Lebanon
range's eastern hinterland and Mount Hermon. This boundary continues
south in the form of the highlands and eastern desert regions of
Transjordan
^ Google Ngram Viewer plot
^ LEVANT archaic The eastern part of the Mediterranean with the
islands and neighbouring countries. New Oxford Dictionary of English,
2nd ed., revised, 2005.
^ LEVANT, THE. A general term formerly given to the E shores of the
Mediterranean Sea
Mediterranean Sea from W
Greece
Greece to Egypt. The Penguin Encyclopedia,
revised 2nd ed., 2004.
^ LEVANT, (vieilli) Le Levant: les pays, les régions qui sont au
levant (par rapport à la France) et spécialt. les régions de la
Méditerrranée orientale. Le Nouveau Petit Robert de la langue
française, (1993 revised ed.).
^ Thomas Evan Levy, Historical Biblical Archaeology and the Future:
The New Pragmatism, Routledge, 2016 ISBN 1134937466. Thomas E.
Levy, "The New Pragmatism", p. 8: "after 1994, it is possible to see
an increase in the use of the less geographically specific and more
political [sic] neutral words 'Levant' or 'Levantine' in scholarly
citations.... It is important to highlight the pedigree of the term
'Syro-Palestinian' and its gradual replacement by the term 'Levant' or
'Levantine' because the latter is a more culturally and politically
neutral term that more accurately reflects the tapestry of countries
and peoples of the region, without assuming directionality of cultural
influence.". Aaron A. Burke, "The Archaeology of the
Levant
Levant in North
America: The Transformation of Biblical and Syro-Palestinian
Archaeology" p. 82ff: "A number of factors account for the gradual
emergence during the past two decades of what is now widely identified
as
Levantine archaeology
Levantine archaeology in North America... a growing consensus
regarding the appropriate terminology... archaeological field research
in the Levant"
^ William G. Dever, The Lives of Ordinary People in Ancient Israel:
When Archaeology and the Bible Intersect, 2012, ISBN 0802867014,
p. 249: "Today, however, the discipline is often called Palestinian,
Syro-Palestinian, or Levantine archaeology."
^ Ann E. Killebrew, Margreet Steiner, The Oxford Handbook of the
Archaeology of the Levant: c. 8000-332 BCE (title), 2013
ISBN 9780199212972 doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199212972.001.0001
^ "levantine+archaeology"&cd_min:2000,cd_max:2099&tbm=bks
Google search results
^ Mark Gasiorowski, The Government and Politics of the Middle
East
East and
North Africa, 2016 ISBN 081334994X, p. 5: "...today the term
Levantine can describe shared cultural products, such as Levantine
cuisine or Levantine archaeology"
^ "levantine+cuisine"&cd_min:2000,cd_max:2099&tbm=bks Google
search results
^ Michel Elias Andraos, "Levantine Catholic Communities in the
Diaspora at the Intersection of Many Identities and Worlds", in
Michael L. Budde, Scattered and Gathered: Catholics in Diaspora, 2017
ISBN 1532607091 p. 24: "The word 'Levantine' in the title is used
on purpose instead of the 'Middle East' or the 'Near East'.... I use
'Levantine' more than the two other designations, because this is the
term being used more often nowadays by Christian communities in the
Middle
East
East to describe their shared identity as al-maseeheyoun
al-mashriqeyoun, Levantine Christians"
^ a b The Ancient Levant, UCL Institute of Archaeology, May 2008
^ Egyptian Journal of Geology - Volume 42, Issue 1 - Page 263, 1998
^ "Ancient Ashkelon - National Geographic Magazine".
Ngm.nationalgeographic.com. 2002-10-17. Retrieved 2011-10-17.
^ "The state of Israel: Internal influence driving change". BBC News.
2011-11-06.
^ Orfalea, Gregory The Arab Americans: A History. Olive Branch Press.
Northampton, MA, 2006. Page 249
^ a b Douglas Harper, Online Etymology Dictionary. "Levant".
Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2012-07-27.
^ Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition
^ Balme, Maurice; Morwood, James. "Chapter 36". Oxford
Latin
Latin Course
Part III (2nd ed.). p. 19.
^ "Journal of Levantine Studies". The Van Leer
Jerusalem
Jerusalem Institute.
Retrieved 30 January 2014.
^ Braudel, p. [page needed].
^ e.g., "The
Levant
Levant Crisis: Syria, Iraq, and the Region", Australian
National University [1]; Center for Strategic and International
Studies, "
Egypt
Egypt and the Levant", 2017 [2]; Michael Kerr, Craig Larkin,
eds., The Alawis of Syria, 2015 ISBN 9780190458119
^ Sandra Rosendahl (2006-11-28). "Council for British Research in the
Levant
Levant homepage". Cbrl.org.uk. Retrieved 2010-07-05.
^ Biblical and Levantine studies, UCLA
^ "About JLS". Journal of Levantine Studies.
^ Dever, William G. "Syro-Palestinian and Biblical Archaeology", pp.
1244-1253.
^ Sharon, Ilan "Biblical archaeology" in Encyclopedia of Archaeology
Elsevier.
^ Kennedy, Hugh N. (2007). The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of
Islam Changed the World We Live In. Da Capo Press. p. 376.
ISBN 978-0306817281.
^ Lapidus, Ira M. (13 October 2014) [1988]. A History of Islamic
Societies (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 70.
ISBN 978-0521514309.
^ Shoup, John A (2011-10-31). Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle
East: An Encyclopedia. ISBN 9781598843620. Retrieved 26 May
2014.
^ Mustafa Abu Sway. "The Holy Land,
Jerusalem
Jerusalem and
Al-Aqsa Mosque
Al-Aqsa Mosque in
the Qur'an, Sunnah and other Islamic Literary Source" (PDF). Central
Conference of American Rabbis. Archived from the original (PDF) on
2011-07-28.
^ "Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem". Jerusalem:
Sacred-destinations.com. 2010-02-21. Retrieved 2012-07-07.
^ Frishman, Avraham; Kum Hisalech Be’aretz, Jerusalem, 2004
^ Jochmus, August freiherr von Cotignola). The Syrian War and the
Decline of the Ottoman Empire, 1840-1848: In Reports, Documents, and
Correspondences, Etc, Volume 1. A. Cohn, 1883. p. RA3-PA179.
Bibliography
Braudel, Fernand, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the
Age of Phillip II [full citation needed]
Burke, Aaron (2010), "The Transformation of Biblical and
Syro-Palestinian Archaeology", in Levy, Thomas Evan, Historical
Biblical Archaeology and the Future: The New Pragmatism, London:
Equinox
"Levant", Encarta, Microsoft, 2009
Geus, C. H. J. de (2003), Towns in Ancient
Israel
Israel and in the Southern
Levant, Peeters Publishers, p. 6,
ISBN 978-90-429-1269-4
Gagarin, Michael (31 December 2009), Ancient
Greece
Greece and Rome, 1,
Oxford University Press, Incorporated, p. 247,
ISBN 978-0-19-517072-6
Naim, Samia (2011), "Dialects of the Levant", in Weninger, Stefan; et
al., The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook, Berlin/Boston:
Walter de Gruyter, p. 921
"Levant", Oxford Dictionaries Online, Oxford University Press
Further reading
Julia Chatzipanagioti: Griechenland, Zypern, Balkan und Levante. Eine kommentierte Bibliographie der Reiseliteratur des 18. Jahrhunderts. 2 Vol. Eutin 2006. ISBN 3-9810674-2-8 Levantine Heritage site. Includes many oral and scholarly histories, and genealogies for some Levantine Turkish families. Philip Mansel, Levant: Splendour and Catastrophe on the Mediterranean, London, John Murray, 11 November 2010, hardback, 480 pages, ISBN 978-0-7195-6707-0, New Haven, Yale University Press, 24 May 2011, hardback, 470 pages, ISBN 978-0-300-17264-5
External links
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v t e
Regions of Asia
Central
Greater Middle East Aral Sea
Aralkum Desert Caspian Sea Dead Sea Sea of Galilee
Transoxiana
Turan
Greater Khorasan Ariana Khwarezm Sistan Kazakhstania Eurasian Steppe
Asian Steppe Kazakh Steppe Pontic–Caspian steppe
Mongolian-Manchurian grassland Wild Fields
Yedisan Muravsky Trail
Ural
Ural Mountains
Volga region Idel-Ural Kolyma Transbaikal Pryazovia Bjarmaland Kuban Zalesye Ingria Novorossiya Gornaya Shoriya Tulgas Iranian Plateau Altai Mountains Pamir Mountains Tian Shan Badakhshan Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Mount Imeon Mongolian Plateau Western Regions Taklamakan Desert Karakoram
Trans-
Karakoram
Karakoram Tract
Siachen Glacier
North
Inner Asia Northeast Far East
Russian Far East Okhotsk-Manchurian taiga
Extreme North Siberia
Baikalia
Baikalia (Lake Baikal)
Transbaikal
Khatanga Gulf
Baraba steppe
Kamchatka Peninsula Amur Basin Yenisei Gulf Yenisei Basin Beringia Sikhote-Alin
East
Japanese archipelago
Northeastern Japan Arc Sakhalin Island Arc
Korean Peninsula Gobi Desert Taklamakan Desert Greater Khingan Mongolian Plateau Inner Asia Inner Mongolia Outer Mongolia China proper Manchuria
Outer Manchuria Inner Manchuria Northeast China Plain Mongolian-Manchurian grassland
North China Plain
Yan Mountains
Kunlun Mountains Liaodong Peninsula Himalayas Tibetan Plateau
Tibet
Tarim Basin Northern Silk Road Hexi Corridor Nanzhong Lingnan Liangguang Jiangnan Jianghuai Guanzhong Huizhou Wu Jiaozhou Zhongyuan Shaannan Ordos Loop
Loess Plateau Shaanbei
Hamgyong Mountains Central Mountain Range Japanese Alps Suzuka Mountains Leizhou Peninsula Gulf of Tonkin Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Yenisei Basin Altai Mountains Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass
West
Greater Middle East
MENA MENASA Middle East
Red Sea Caspian Sea Mediterranean Sea Zagros Mountains Persian Gulf
Pirate Coast Strait of Hormuz Greater and Lesser Tunbs
Al-Faw Peninsula Gulf of Oman Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Aden Balochistan Arabian Peninsula
Najd Hejaz Tihamah Eastern Arabia South Arabia
Hadhramaut
Arabian Peninsula
Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert
Tigris–Euphrates Mesopotamia
Upper Mesopotamia Lower Mesopotamia Sawad Nineveh plains Akkad (region) Babylonia
Canaan Aram Eber-Nari Suhum Eastern Mediterranean Mashriq Kurdistan Levant
Southern Levant
Transjordan
Jordan
Jordan Rift Valley
Israel
Levantine Sea
Golan Heights
Hula Valley
Galilee
Gilead
Judea
Samaria
Arabah
Anti-
Lebanon
Lebanon Mountains
Sinai Peninsula
Arabian Desert
Syrian Desert
Fertile Crescent
Azerbaijan
Syria
Palestine
Iranian Plateau
Armenian Highlands
Caucasus
Caucasus
Caucasus Mountains
Greater Caucasus Lesser Caucasus
North Caucasus South Caucasus
Kur-Araz Lowland Lankaran Lowland Alborz Absheron Peninsula
Anatolia Cilicia Cappadocia Alpide belt
South
Greater India Indian subcontinent Himalayas Hindu Kush Western Ghats Eastern Ghats Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Pashtunistan Punjab Balochistan Kashmir
Kashmir
Kashmir Valley
Pir Panjal Range
Thar Desert
Indus Valley
Indus River
Indus River Delta
Indus Valley Desert
Indo-Gangetic Plain
Eastern coastal plains
Western Coastal Plains
Meghalaya subtropical forests
MENASA
Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests
Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows
Doab
Bagar tract
Great Rann of Kutch
Little Rann of Kutch
Deccan Plateau
Coromandel Coast
Konkan
False Divi Point
Hindi Belt
Ladakh
Aksai Chin
Gilgit-Baltistan
Baltistan Shigar Valley
Karakoram
Saltoro Mountains
Siachen Glacier
Bay of Bengal
Gulf of Khambhat
Gulf of Kutch
Gulf of Mannar
Trans-
Karakoram
Karakoram Tract
Wakhan Corridor
Wakhjir Pass
Lakshadweep
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Andaman Islands Nicobar Islands
Maldive Islands Alpide belt
Southeast
Mainland
Indochina Malay Peninsula
Maritime
Peninsular Malaysia Sunda Islands Greater Sunda Islands Lesser Sunda Islands
Indonesian Archipelago Timor New Guinea
Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula
Philippine Archipelago
Luzon Visayas Mindanao
Leyte Gulf
Gulf of Thailand
East
East Indies
Nanyang
Alpide belt
Asia-Pacific Tropical Asia