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Contents
1 Origin of the Earls of Lancaster 2 Duchy and Palatinate of Lancaster 3 Reign of Henry IV 4 Henry V and the Hundred Years' War 5 Henry VI and the fall of the House of Lancaster 6 Legacy
6.1 Shakespeare's history plays 6.2 Succession 6.3 Religion, education and the arts
7 Earls and Dukes of Lancaster (first creation) 8 Dukes of Lancaster (second creation) 9 Lancastrian Kings of England 10 Family tree 11 Coats of Arms
11.1 Lancaster badges
12 See also 13 References 14 Bibliography 15 External links
Origin of the Earls of Lancaster[edit]
After the supporters of
Henry III of England
Henry III of England suppressed opposition
from the English nobility in the Second Barons' War, Henry granted to
his second son
Edmund Crouchback
Edmund Crouchback the titles and possessions forfeited
by attainder of the barons' leader, Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of
Leicester, including the Earldom of Leicester, on 26 October 1265.
Later grants included the first Earldom of Lancaster on 30 June 1267
and that of
Earl Ferrers
Earl Ferrers in 1301. Edmund was also Count of Champagne
and Brie from 1276 by right of his wife.[2]
Henry IV of England
Henry IV of England would
later use his descent from Edmund to legitimise his claim to the
throne, even making the spurious claim that Edmund was the elder son
of Henry but had been passed over as king because of his deformity.[5]
Seal of Edmund Crouchback
Edmund's second marriage to Blanche of Artois, the widow of the King
of Navarre, placed him at the centre of the European aristocracy.
Blanche's daughter
Joan I of Navarre
Joan I of Navarre was queen regnant of Navarre and
through her marriage to
Philip IV of France
Philip IV of France was queen consort of
France. Edmund's son Thomas became the most powerful nobleman in
England, gaining the Earldoms of Lincoln and Salisbury through
marriage to the heiress of Henry de Lacy, 3rd Earl of Lincoln. His
income was £11,000 per annum—double that of the next wealthiest
earl.[3]
Thomas and his younger brother Henry served in the coronation of their
cousin King
Edward II of England
Edward II of England on 25 February 1308; Thomas carried
Curtana, the Sword of Mercy, and Henry carried the royal sceptre.[6]
After initially supporting Edward, Thomas became one of the Lords
Ordainers, who demanded the banishment of
Piers Gaveston
Piers Gaveston and the
governance of the realm by a baronial council. After Gaveston was
captured, Thomas took the lead in his trial and execution at Warwick
in 1312.[7] Edward's authority was weakened by poor governance and
defeat by the Scots at the Battle of Bannockburn. This allowed Thomas
to restrain Edward's power by republishing the Ordinances of 1311.
Following this achievement Thomas took little part in the governance
of the realm and instead retreated to
Pontefract
Pontefract Castle.[8] This
allowed Edward to regroup and re-arm, leading to a fragile peace in
August 1318 with the Treaty of Leake. In 1321 Edward's rule again
collapsed into civil war. Thomas raised a northern army but was
defeated and captured at the Battle of Boroughbridge. He was sentenced
to be hanged, drawn and quartered but because he was Edward's cousin
he was given a quicker death by beheading.[9]
Henry joined the revolt of Edward's wife
Isabella of France
Isabella of France and her
lover Mortimer in 1326, pursuing and capturing Edward at
Neath
Neath in
South Wales.[9] Following Edward's deposition at the Parliament of
Kenilworth in 1326 and reputed murder at Berkeley Castle,[10] Thomas's
conviction was posthumously reversed and Henry regained possession of
the Earldoms of Lancaster, Derby, Salisbury and Lincoln that had been
forfeit for Thomas's treason. His restored prestige led to him
knighting the young King
Edward III of England
Edward III of England before his
coronation.[11] Mortimer lost support over the Treaty of
Edinburgh–Northampton that formalised Scotland's independence, and
his developing power in the
Welsh Marches
Welsh Marches provoked jealousy from the
barons. When Mortimer called a parliament to make his new powers and
estates permanent with the title of
Earl of March
Earl of March in 1328, Henry led
the opposition and held a counter-meeting. In response, Mortimer
ravaged the lands of Lancaster and checked the revolt. Edward III was
able to assume control in 1330 but Henry's further influence was
restricted by poor health and blindness for the last fifteen years of
his life.[12][13]
Duchy and Palatinate of Lancaster[edit]
See also: County palatine
English Royalty
House of Lancaster
Armorial of Plantagenet
Henry IV
Henry V, King of England John, Duke of Bedford Thomas, Duke of Clarence Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester Blanche, Electress Palatine Philippa, Queen of Denmark
Henry V
Henry VI
Henry VI
Edward, Prince of Wales
v t e
Henry's son, also called Henry, was born at the castle of Grosmont in
Monmouthshire
Monmouthshire between 1299 and 1314.[1] According to the younger
Henry's memoirs, he was better at martial arts than academic subjects
and did not learn to read until later in life.[14] Henry was coeval
with Edward III and was pivotal to his reign, becoming his best friend
and most trusted commander.[15] Henry was knighted in 1330,
represented his father in parliament and fought in Edward's Scottish
campaign.[16] After the outbreak of the Hundred Years' War, Henry took
part in several diplomatic missions and minor campaigns and was
present at the great English victory in the naval
Battle of Sluys
Battle of Sluys in
1340.[17] Later, he was required to commit himself as hostage in the
Low Countries
Low Countries for Edward’s considerable debts. He remained hostage
for a year and had to pay a large ransom for his own release.[18]
In 1345, Edward III launched a major, three-pronged attack on France.
The Earl of Northampton attacked from Brittany, Edward from Flanders,
and Henry from
Aquitaine
Aquitaine in the south.[15] Moving rapidly through the
country, Henry confronted the Comte d'Isle at the Battle of Auberoche
and achieved a victory described as "the greatest single achievement
of Lancaster's entire military career".[19] The ransom from the
prisoners has been estimated at £50,000.[20] Edward rewarded Henry by
including him as a founding knight of the Order of the Garter.[21] An
even greater honour was bestowed on Lancaster when Edward created him
Duke of Lancaster. The title of duke was relatively new in England,
with only Cornwall being a previous ducal title. Lancaster was also
given palatinate status for the county of Lancashire, which entailed a
separate administration independent of the crown.[22] There were two
other counties palatine; Durham was an ancient ecclesiastical
palatinate and
Chester
Chester was crown property.
In 1350, Henry was present at the naval victory at Winchelsea, where
he saved the life of the Black Prince.[23] He spent 1351-2 on crusade
in Prussia where a quarrel with Otto, Duke of Brunswick, almost led to
a duel between the two men, which was only averted by the intervention
of John II of France.[24] As campaigning in France resumed, Henry
participated in the last great offensive of the
Rheims
Rheims campaign of
1359–60—the first phase of the Hundred Years' War—before
returning to England where he fell ill and died, most likely of the
plague, at Leicester Castle.[25]
Edward III of England
Edward III of England married John of Gaunt, his third surviving son,
to Henry's heiress Blanche of Lancaster. On Henry's death, Edward
conferred on Gaunt the second creation of the title of Duke of
Lancaster, which made Gaunt, after Edward, the wealthiest landowner in
England. Gaunt enjoyed great political influence during his lifetime,
but upon his death in 1399 his lands were confiscated by Richard II.
Gaunt's exiled son and heir Henry of Bolingbroke returned home and
gathered military support in clear contravention of Richard's treason
act of 1397, which included a definition of treason of "or [to] ...
raiseth People and rideth against the King to make War within his
Realm ...". Although he claimed his aim was restoration of his
Lancaster inheritance, this Act and Henry's knowledge of Richard's
character—suspicious and vindictive—probably meant Henry knew that
only by removing Richard from power could he be secure.[26] Henry
unified popular opposition to Richard II, took control of the kingdom
and Richard—recognising that he had insufficient support to
resist—surrendered to Henry’s forces at Conwy Castle. Henry
instigated a commission to decide who should be king. Richard was
forced to abdicate and although Henry was not next in line, he was
chosen by an unlawfully constituted parliament dominated by his
supporters.[27] After the first unrest of his reign and a revolt by
the Earls of Salisbury, Gloucester, Exeter and Surrey, Richard
reputedly starved to death.[28] There is some debate as to whether
this was self-inflicted or ordered by Henry to end the risk of
restoration without leaving incriminating marks on the body.[29]
Reign of Henry IV[edit]
There is much debate amongst historians about Henry's accession, in
part because some see it as a cause of the Wars of the Roses. For many
historians, the accession by force of the throne broke principles the
Plantagenets had established successfully over two and a half
centuries and allowed any magnate with sufficient power and
Plantagenet blood to have ambitions to assume the throne. Richard had
attempted to disinherit Henry and remove him from the succession. In
response Henry’s legal advisors, led by William Thirning, dissuaded
Henry from claiming the throne by right of conquest and instead look
for legal justification.[30] Although Henry established a committee to
investigate his assertion that his mother had legitimate rights
through descent from Edmund Crouchback, whom he said was the elder son
of
Henry III of England
Henry III of England but was set aside because of deformity, no
evidence was found. The eight-year-old Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March,
was the heir general to Richard II by being the grandson of Edward
III's second son, Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence, and also
the son of Richard's last nominated heir. In desperation, Henry's
advisors made the case that Henry was heir male to Henry III and this
was supported by thirteenth-century entails.[31] Mortimer's sister
Anne de Mortimer
Anne de Mortimer married Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge,
son of Edward III's fourth son Edmund of Langley, consolidating Anne's
place in the succession with that of the more junior House of
York.[32] As a child Mortimer was not considered a serious contender
and as an adult he showed no interest in the throne, instead loyally
serving the House of Lancaster. Mortimer informed Henry V when
Conisburgh, in what was later called the Southampton Plot, attempted
to place him on the throne instead of Henry's newly crowned
son—their mutual cousin—leading to the execution of Conisburgh and
the other plotters.[33]
Henry IV was plagued with financial problems, the political need to
reward his supporters, frequent rebellions and declining
health—including leprosy and epilepsy.[34] The Percy family had been
some of Henry's leading supporters, defending the North from Scotland
largely at their own expense, but revolted in the face of lack of
reward and suspicion from Henry.
Henry Percy (Hotspur)
Henry Percy (Hotspur) was defeated
and killed at the Battle of Shrewsbury. In 1405, Hotspur's father
Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland, supported the Archbishop of
York, Richard le Scrope, in another rebellion, after which the elder
Percy fled to
Scotland
Scotland and his estates were confiscated. Henry had
Scrope executed in an act comparable to the murder of another
Archbishop—
Thomas Becket
Thomas Becket by men loyal to Henry II. This would
probably have led to Henry's excommunication but the church was in the
midst of the Western Schism, with competing popes keen on Henry's
support; it protested but took no action.[35] In 1408, Percy invaded
England once more and was killed at the Battle of Bramham Moor.[36] In
Wales, Owain Glyndŵr's widespread rebellion was only suppressed with
the recapture of
Harlech Castle
Harlech Castle in 1409, although sporadic fighting
continued until 1421.[37]
Henry IV was succeeded by his son Henry V,[38] and eventually by his
grandson Henry VI in 1422.[39]
Henry V and the Hundred Years' War[edit]
Main article:
Hundred Years' War
Hundred Years' War (1415–1453)
Henry V's victory at the Battle of Agincourt
Henry V of England
Henry V of England was a successful and ruthless monarch.[40] He was
quick to re-assert the claim to the French throne he inherited from
Edward III, continuing what was later called the Hundred Years' War.
The war was not a formal, continuous conflict but a series of English
raids and military expeditions from 1337 until 1453. There were six
major royal expeditions; Henry himself led the fifth and sixth, but
these were unlike the smaller, frequent, provincial campaigns.[41] In
Henry's first major campaign—and the fifth major royal campaign of
the war—he invaded France, captured Harfleur, made a chevauchée to
Calais
Calais and won a near-total victory over the French at the Battle of
Agincourt despite being outnumbered, outmanoeuvred and low on
supplies.[42] In his second campaign, he recaptured much of Normandy
and in a treaty secured a marriage to Catherine of Valois. The terms
of the
Treaty of Troyes
Treaty of Troyes were that Henry's and Catherine's heirs would
succeed to the throne of France. This condition was contested by the
Dauphin and the momentum of the war changed. In 1421, Henry's brother
Thomas, Duke of Clarence, was killed at the Battle of Baugé, and
Henry V died of dysentery at
Vincennes
Vincennes in 1422.[39][43]
Henry VI of England
Henry VI of England was less than a year old but his uncles—led by
Henry V's brother John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford—continued
the war.[44] There were more victories, including the Battle of
Verneuil, but it was impossible to maintain campaigning at this level.
Joan of Arc's involvement helped the French remove the siege of
Orleans[45] and win the
Battle of Patay
Battle of Patay before Joan was captured by
the Burgundians, sold to the English, tried as a witch and burned at
the stake. The Dauphin was crowned and continued the successful Fabian
tactics of avoiding full frontal assault and exploiting logistical
advantage.[46]
Henry VI and the fall of the House of Lancaster[edit]
Main articles:
Wars of the Roses
Wars of the Roses and House of York
See also: List of members of the
House of Plantagenet
House of Plantagenet and Issue of
Edward III of England
The
Hundred Years' War
Hundred Years' War caused political division between the
Lancastrians and the other Plantagenets during the minority of Henry
VI: Bedford wanted to maintain the majority of the Lancastrian’s
French possessions; Humphrey of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Gloucester
wanted to hold only Calais; and
Cardinal Beaufort
Cardinal Beaufort desired a negotiated
peace.[43][47] Gloucester's attacks on Beaufort forced the latter from
public life but brought him little advantage as the earl of
Suffolk’s influence over the king enabled him to direct policy for
the rest of the decade. Gloucester remained heir presumptive but in
1441 his ambitious wife, Eleanor Cobham, consulted astrologers on the
likelihood of the king's death and was arrested for treasonable
necromancy—although Gloucester was not implicated he was discredited
forced into retirement. In 1447 Suffolk had him arrested and within
days he died in prison.[43]
England's ally
Philip III, Duke of Burgundy
Philip III, Duke of Burgundy defected to Charles, when
the English ambassadors' refusal to renounce the claim to the French
crown stalled negotiations, signing the Treaty of Arras (1435).[48]
The French reorganised the superior numbers of their feudal levies
into a modern professional army and retook Paris, Rouen, Bordeaux and
Normandy. Victories at the
Battle of Formigny
Battle of Formigny in 1450 and the Battle
of Castillon in 1453 brought the war to an end with the House of
Lancaster losing forever all its French holdings, except
Calais
Calais and
the Channel Islands.[49][50]
Henry VI proved to be a weak king and vulnerable to the over-mighty
subjects who developed private armies of retainers. Rivalries often
spilled over from the courtroom into armed confrontations, such as the
Percy–Neville feud.[51] Without the common purpose of the war in
France, Henry's cousin Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York, and Richard
Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, used their networks to defy the
crown.[52] Henry became the focus of discontent as the population,
agricultural production, prices, the wool trade and credit declined in
the Great Slump.[53] This led to radical demands from the lower
classes. In 1450,
Jack Cade
Jack Cade raised a rebellion to force Henry to
address the economic problems or abdicate his throne.[54] The uprising
was suppressed but conflict remained between villagers, gentry and
aristocracy. Society remained deeply unsettled and radical demands
continued to be suppressed such as those from the yeoman brothers John
and William Merfold.[55]
Symbolic representation of the
Wars of the Roses
Wars of the Roses in art
Henry's marriage to
Margaret of Anjou
Margaret of Anjou prompted criticism from Richard
Plantagenet, Duke of York, because it included the surrender of Maine
and an extended truce with France. York was Henry's cousin through his
descent from Edward III sons Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence,
and Edmund, Duke of York. This gave York political influence but he
was removed from English and French politics through his appointment
as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.[56] On returning to England, York was
conscious of the fate of Henry's uncle Humphrey at the hands of the
Beauforts and suspicious that Henry intended to nominate Edmund
Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset, as heir presumptive, and recruited
military forces. Armed conflict was avoided because York lacked
aristocratic support and was forced to swear allegiance to Henry.
However, when Henry later underwent a mental breakdown, York was named
regent. Henry was trusting and not a man of war, but Margaret was more
assertive and showed open enmity towards York—particularly after the
birth of a male heir that resolved the succession question and assured
her position.[57]
According to historian Robin Storey, "If Henry's insanity was a
tragedy; his recovery was a national disaster".[58] When Henry's
sanity returned, the court party reasserted its authority but York and
his relatives, the Nevilles, defeated them at the First Battle of St
Albans. Historian Anthony Goodman suggests that around 50 men were
killed; among them were Somerset and two Percy lords, Henry Percy, 2nd
Earl of Northumberland, and Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron de Clifford,
creating feuds that would confound reconciliation attempts despite the
shock to the ruling class caused by the armed conflict.[59][60]
Threatened with treason charges and lacking support, York, Richard
Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury, and Richard Neville, 16th Earl of
Warwick, fled abroad. Henry was captured by the opposition when the
Nevilles returned and won the Battle of Northampton.[61] York joined
them, surprising parliament by claiming the throne and then forcing
through the
Act of Accord
Act of Accord stating that Henry would remain as monarch
for his lifetime and that York would succeed him. The disinheriting of
Henry's son Edward was unacceptable to Margaret so the conflict
continued. York was killed at the
Battle of Wakefield
Battle of Wakefield and his head was
displayed at Micklegate Bar, York, along with those of Edmund, Earl of
Rutland, and Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury—both of whom were
captured and beheaded.[62]
Margaret gained the support of the Scottish queen Mary of Guelders,
and with a Scottish army she pillaged into southern England.[63] The
citizens of
London
London feared the city being plundered and
enthusiastically welcomed York's son Edward, Earl of March.[64]
Margaret's defeat at the
Battle of Towton
Battle of Towton confirmed Edward's position
and he was crowned.[65] Disaffected with Edward's marriage to
Elizabeth Woodville
Elizabeth Woodville and preferment of her formerly
Lancastrian-supporting family, Warwick and Clarence defected to the
Lancastrians. The alliance was sealed with the marriage of Henry's son
Edward to Anne, Warwick's daughter. Edward and Richard, Duke of
Gloucester, fled England. When they returned, Clarence switched sides
at the
Battle of Barnet
Battle of Barnet and Warwick and his brother were killed.
Henry, Margaret and Edward of Lancaster were caught at the Battle of
Tewkesbury before they could escape back to France. Edward of
Westminster, Prince of Wales, was executed on the battlefield and John
Beaufort, Marquess of Dorset, was killed in the fighting—meaning
that when his brother Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset, was
executed two days later, the
Beaufort family
Beaufort family became extinct in the
legitimate male line. The captive Henry was murdered on 21 May 1471 in
the
Tower of London
Tower of London and buried in Chertsey Abbey, extinguishing the
House of Lancaster.[66]
Legacy[edit]
Shakespeare's history plays[edit]
"This royal throne of kings, this sceptr’d isle, This earth of majesty, this seat of Mars, This other Eden, demi-paradise, This fortress built by Nature for herself Against infection and the hand of war, This happy breed of men, this little world, This precious stone set in the silver sea, Which serves it in the office of a wall, Or as a moat defensive to a house Against the envy of less happier lands; This blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this England...
—John of Gaunt's speech in Richard II, Act II, Scene I, 40–50[67]
It is a source of irritation to historians that Shakespeare's
influence on the perception of the later medieval period exceeds that
of academic research.[68] While the chronology of Shakespeare's
history plays runs from King John to Henry VIII, they are dominated by
eight plays in which members of the
House of Lancaster
House of Lancaster play a
significant part, voicing speeches on a par with those in
Hamlet
Hamlet and
King Lear.[69] These plays are:
Richard II Henry IV, Part 1 Henry IV, Part 2 Henry V Henry VI, Part 1 Henry VI, Part 2 Henry VI, Part 3 Richard III.
According to the historian Norman Davies, the plays were constrained
by the political and religious requirements of Tudor England. While
they are factually inaccurate, they demonstrate how the past and the
House of Lancaster
House of Lancaster are remembered in terms of myth, legend, ideas and
popular misconceptions.
Shakespeare
Shakespeare avoided contentious political and
religious issues to dubiously illustrate Tudor England as having
rejected medieval conflict and entered an era of harmony and
prosperity. The famous patriotic "sceptr'd isle" speech is voiced by
John of Gaunt, a man who spent the majority of his life in Aquitaine,
and is a piece of poetic licence that illustrates English prejudices.
Henry V is one-sided with little sympathy for the French.[70] Many of
these historical lines illustrate historical myth rather than
realism.[71]
Succession[edit]
Lancastrian cognatic descent from
John of Gaunt
John of Gaunt and Blanche's daughter
Phillipa continued in the royal houses of Spain and Portugal.[72] The
remnants of the Lancastrian court party coalesced support around Henry
Tudor—a relatively unknown scion of the Beauforts. They had been
amongst the most ardent supporters of the
House of Lancaster
House of Lancaster and were
descended illegitimately from
John of Gaunt
John of Gaunt by his mistress Katherine
Swynford. However
John of Gaunt
John of Gaunt and Katherine subsequently married and
their children were legitimated by the Pope and by Parliament during
the reign of Richard II. Henry IV had tried to debar them from the
succession by use of his royal prerogative to avoid competition with
the House of Lancaster’s claims to the throne but this was of
limited effect. By some calculations of primogeniture, there were as
many as 18 people—including both his mother and future wife—with
what some might claim a better right to the throne. By 1510, this
figure had increased with the birth of an additional 16 possible
Yorkist claimants.[73]
With the
House of Lancaster
House of Lancaster extinct, Henry claimed to be the
Lancastrian heir through his mother Lady Margaret Beaufort. His father
was Henry VI's maternal half-brother. In 1485, Henry Tudor united
increasing opposition within England to the reign of Richard III with
the Lancastrian cause to take the throne. To further legitimise his
claim, Henry married Elizabeth of York—Edward IV of England's
daughter—and promoted the
House of Tudor
House of Tudor as a dynasty of dual
Lancastrian and Yorkist descent.[74]
Religion, education and the arts[edit]
King's College Chapel, Cambridge
The Lancastrians were both pious and well read. Henry IV was the first
English king known to have possessed a vernacular Bible, supported the
canonization of John Twenge, gave a pension to the anchoress Margaret
Pensax and maintained close relations with several Westminster
recluses. His household accounts as king record conventional payments
to large numbers of paupers (12,000 on Easter day 1406) and the
intercession for him of twenty-four oratores domini regis at 2d each
per day. However, his reliance on the church was both personal and
political. Archbishop Arundel gave the Lancastrians vital support and
carried other bishops with him. In return the church required support
for religious orthodoxy against heresy.
Lollards
Lollards were suppressed and
heresy was made a capital offence in England under the statute of De
haeretico comburendo even though Henry could not afford to overly
antagonize his supporters with Lollard sympathies, including those
among his Lancastrian retainers.[26]
According to the author of the Gesta Henrici quinti, Henry V aimed
‘to promote the honour of God, the extension of the Church, the
deliverance of his country and the peace and tranquillity of
kingdoms’. He was deeply religious, engaged with ecclesiastical
issues and saw that his role as king was to honour God, extend the
church, fight heresy and defend the established social order. All his
victories, especially Agincourt, were attributed to divine
intervention. Henry V founded
Syon Abbey
Syon Abbey in 1415, as penance for his
father’s execution of Archbishop Scrope, and three monasteries in
London: for Carthusian,
Bridgettine
Bridgettine and Celestine orders.[75] The
equally devout Henry VI continued the architectural patronage begun by
his father, founding
Eton College
Eton College and
King's College, Cambridge
King's College, Cambridge and
leaving a lasting educational and architectural legacy in buildings
including King's College Chapel and
Eton College
Eton College Chapel.[76]
The Lancastrian regime was founded and legitimised by formal lying
that was both public and official. This has been described as "a
series of unconstitutional actions" based "upon three major acts of
perjury".[77] The historian
K.B. McFarlane found it hard "to think of
another moment of comparable importance in medieval English political
history when the supply of information was so effectively manipulated
as it was by Henry IV on this occasion".[78] The Lancastrians
patronised poets for panegyric purposes for years before Henry IV
ascended the throne, including
Geoffrey Chaucer
Geoffrey Chaucer who dedicated The Book
of the Duchess to
Blanche of Lancaster
Blanche of Lancaster around 1368. In 1400, poets in
the pay of Henry IV were directed to propaganda purposes. John Gower
based his Cronica Tripertita on the official Lancastrian accounts of
the usurpation:"The Record and Process of the Deposition of Richard
II" from 1399. Gower also produced a number of further favourable
works including "In praise of peace" which was dedicated to Henry
IV.[79]
Earls and Dukes of Lancaster (first creation)[edit]
Earl Portrait Birth Marriages Death
Edmund Crouchback, 1st
Earl of Lancaster
Earl of Lancaster and Leicester[80]
16 January 1245
London
son of
Henry III of England
Henry III of England and Eleanor of Provence
(1) Aveline de Forz
1269
0 children
(2) Blanche of Artois
21 September 1271
4 children
Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster
Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster
John of Lancaster, Lord of Beaufort
Mary of Lancaster
5 June 1296
Bayonne, Gascony
aged 51
Thomas, 2nd
Earl of Lancaster
Earl of Lancaster and Leicester[81]
c. 1278
Grismond Castle, Monmouthshire
son of
Edmund Crouchback
Edmund Crouchback and Blanche of Artois
Alice de Lacey
28 October 1294 - Divorced 1318
0 children
22 March 1322
Pontefract, Yorkshire
Executed by order of Edward II of England
aged 43–44
Henry, 3rd
Earl of Lancaster
Earl of Lancaster and Leicester[1]
1281
Grosmont Castle, Monmouthshire
son of
Edmund Crouchback
Edmund Crouchback and Blanche of Artois
Matilda de Chaworth
7 children
Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster
Blanche of Lancaster, Baroness Wake of Liddell
Maud of Lancaster, Countess of Ulster
Joan of Lancaster, Baroness Mowbray
Isabel of Lancaster, Prioress of Amesbury
Eleanor of Lancaster, Countess of Arundel
Mary of Lancaster, Baroness Percy
22 September 1345
Leicestershire
aged 63–64
Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster, 4th
Earl of Lancaster
Earl of Lancaster and
Leicester[1]
c. 1310 Grosmont Castle, Monmouthshire son of Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster Isabel de Beaumont 1334 2 children Maud, Countess of Leicester Blanche, Duchess of Lancaster 23 March 1361 Leicester Castle, Leicestershire Black Death aged 50–51
Blanche, Duchess of Lancaster, 5th Countess of Lancaster and Leicester[82]
25 March 1345 Bolingbroke Castle, Lincolnshire daughter of Henry of Grosmont John of Gaunt 19 May 1359 7 children Philippa, Queen of Portugal John of Lancaster Elizabeth of Lancaster, Duchess of Exeter Edward of Lancaster John of Lancaster Henry IV Bolingbroke, King of England Isabel of Lancaster 12 September 1369 Tutbury Castle, Staffordshire Black Death aged 23
Dukes of Lancaster (second creation)[edit]
Duke Portrait Birth Marriages Death
John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster[83]
Earl by right of his wife, the title
Duke of Lancaster
Duke of Lancaster was vacant
because there were no male heirs. Created Duke by his father Edward
III of England
6 March 1340
Ghent, Flanders
son of
Edward III of England
Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault
(1) Blanche of Lancaster
1359
7 children
See above
(2) Constance of Castile
21 September 1371
2 children
Catherine, Queen of Castile
John of Lancaster
(3) Katherine Swynford
13 January 1396
4 children
House of Beaufort
John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset
Cardinal Henry Beaufort, Bishop of Winchester
Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter
Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmorland
3 February 1399
Leicester Castle, Leicestershire
aged 58
Lancastrian Kings of England[edit]
Name Portrait Birth Marriages Death Claim
Henry IV of England[84]
3 April 1367
Bolingbroke Castle
son of
John of Gaunt
John of Gaunt and Blanche of Lancaster
(1) Mary de Bohun
Arundel Castle
20 July 1380
seven children
Edward of Lancaster
Henry V of England
Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence
John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford
Humphrey of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Gloucester
Blanche, Electress Palatine
Philippa, Queen of Denmark, Norway and Sweden
(2) Joanna of Navarre
Winchester Cathedral
7 February 1403
no children
20 March 1413
Westminster, London
aged 45
Henry's claim was extremely tenuous. He claimed the throne through his
mother's descent from Edmund on the basis that he was older than
Edward I but had been set aside because of deformity. This was not
widely accepted
Henry V of England[85]
9 August 1387 Monmouth Castle son of Henry IV and Mary de Bohun Catherine of Valois Troyes Cathedral 2 June 1420 one son Henry VI of England 31 August 1422 Château de Vincennes aged 35 son of Henry IV (agnatic primogeniture)
Henry VI of England[86]
6 December 1421 Windsor Castle son of Henry V and Catherine of Valois Margaret of Anjou Titchfield Abbey 22 April 1445 one son Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales 21 May 1471 Tower of London aged 49 (believed murdered) son of Henry V (agnatic primogeniture)
Family tree[edit] See also: Lancaster monarchs' family tree
Family Tree: House of Lancaster
King Henry III (1207–r.1216–1272)
EARL OF LANCASTER, 1267
King Edward I (1239–r.1272–1307)
Edmund Crouchback, 1st Earl of Lancaster (1245–1296)
King Edward II (1284–r.1307–1327)
Thomas of Lancaster, 2nd Earl of Lancaster (1278–1322)
Henry of Lancaster, 3rd Earl of Lancaster (1281–1345)
DUKE OF LANCASTER, 1351
King Edward III (1312–r.1327–1377)
Henry of Grosmont, 4th Earl, 1st Duke of Lancaster (c.1310–1361)
DUKE OF LANCASTER, 1362
John of Gaunt, 5th Earl, 1st Duke of Lancaster (1340–1399)
Blanche of Lancaster (1345–1368)
Henry Bolingbroke, 2nd Duke of Lancaster King Henry IV (1367–r.1399–1413)
John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset (1371-1410)
DUKE OF LANCASTER, 1399
Henry of Monmouth, 1st Duke of Lancaster King Henry V (1386–r.1413–1422)
John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset (1404-1444)
King Henry VI (1421–1471, r.1422–61, 1470–71)
Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby (1443-1509)
Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales (1453–1471)
Henry VII of England 1457–r.1485–1509)
Coats of Arms[edit]
Main article: List of coats of arms of the House of Plantagenet
Lancaster badges[edit]
See also: Royal badges of England
The
Red Rose of Lancaster
Red Rose of Lancaster derives from the gold rose badge of Edward I
of England. Other members of his family used variants of the royal
badge, with the king's brother, the Earl of Lancaster, using a red
rose.[87] It is believed that the
Red Rose of Lancaster
Red Rose of Lancaster was the House
of Lancaster's badge during the Wars of the Roses. Evidence for this
"wearing of the rose" includes land tenure records requiring service
of a red rose yearly for a manor held directly from Henry VI of
England.[88] There are, however, doubts as to whether the red rose was
actually an emblem taken up by the Lancastrians during the Wars of the
Roses. Adrian Ailes has noted that the red rose “probably owes its
popular usage to Henry VII quickly responding to the pre-existing
Yorkist white rose in an age when signs and symbols could speak louder
than words."
It also allowed Henry to invent and exploit his most famous heraldic
device, the Tudor Rose, combining the so-called Lancastrian red rose
and the White Rose of York. This floral union neatly symbolised the
restoration of peace and harmony and his marriage in January 1486 to
Elizabeth of York. It was a brilliant piece of simple heraldic
propaganda.”[89] The
Tudor Rose
Tudor Rose is used as the plant badge of
England (
Scotland
Scotland uses the thistle,
Ireland
Ireland uses the shamrock, and
Wales
Wales uses the leek).
Red Rose Badge of Lancaster.
Monogram SS Badge of Henry IV.
Chained Antelope Badge of Henry V & VI.
Hereford Swan Badge of Henry V.
Fire Beacon Badge of Henry V
Crossed Feather Badge of Henry VI.
File:Panther Badge of Henry VI.
See also[edit]
Background information on the Act that enable the House of Lancaster to accumulate its vast holdings can be found at Quia Emptores Further information on the Lancastrian descent in Portugal and Spain – Philippa of Lancaster, Jorge de Lencastre, Duke of Coimbra, John of Lencastre, 1st Duke of Aveiro
References[edit]
^ a b c d Weir 2008, p. 77 ^ a b Weir 2008, p. 75 ^ a b Jones 2012, pp. 371 ^ Galbraith 1982, pp. 223–239 ^ Weir 1995, p. 40 ^ Jones 2012, pp. 363 ^ Jones 2012, pp. 375–8 ^ Jones 2012, p. 390 ^ a b Jones 2012, p. 400 ^ Davies 1999, p. 381 ^ Jones 2012, p. 422 ^ Waugh 2004 ^ Lee 1997, p. 115 ^ Fowler 1969, p. 26 ^ a b Jones 2012, p. 471 ^ Fowler 1969, p. 30 ^ Fowler 1969, p. 34 ^ Fowler 1969, pp. 35–7 ^ Fowler 1969, pp. 58–9 ^ Fowler 1969, p. 61 ^ McKisack 1959, pp. 252 ^ Fowler 1969, pp. 173–4 ^ Fowler 1969, pp. 193–5 ^ Fowler 1969, pp. 106–9 ^ Fowler 1969, pp. 217–8 ^ a b Brown & Summerson 2010 ^ Weir 1995, pp. 36–9 ^ Saul 1997, pp. 424–5 ^ Tuck 2004, pp. 209–215 ^ Mortimer 2012, p. 297 ^ Mortimer 2012, pp. 298–99 ^ Weir 1995, p. 235 ^ Griffiths 2008. ^ Swanson 1995, p. 298. ^ Weir 1995, p. 49 ^ Lee 1997, pp. 138–41 ^ Davies 1995, pp. 293 ^ Weir 2008, pp. 130 ^ a b Weir 2008, pp. 133 ^ Schama 2000, pp. 265–6 ^ Davies 1997, pp. 419–20 ^ Schama 2000, p. 265 ^ a b c Harriss 2004 ^ Stratford 2004 ^ Davies 1999, pp. 76–80 ^ Weir 1995, pp. 82–3 ^ Weir 1995, pp. 72–6 ^ Weir 1995, pp. 86,101 ^ Weir 1995, pp. 156 ^ Weir 1995, pp. 172 ^ Schama 2000, p. 266 ^ Castor 2000, pp. 3–22 ^ Hicks 2010, p. 44 ^ Weir 1995, pp. 147–55 ^ Mate 2006, p. 156 ^ Crofton 2007, p. 112. ^ Crofton 2007, p. 111 ^ Storey 1986, p. 159 ^ Goodman 1981, p. 25. ^ Goodman 1981, p. 31 ^ Goodman 1981, p. 38. ^ Weir 1995, p. 257 ^ Goodman 1981, p. 57. ^ Goodman 1981, p. 1. ^ Goodman 1981, p. 147. ^ Weir 2008, p. 134 ^ Davies 1999, p. 508 ^ Davies 1999, p. 506 ^ Davies 1999, p. 507 ^ Davies 1999, p. 509 ^ Belsey 1992, p. 103 ^ Weir 2008, p. 100 ^ Weir 2008, p. 148 ^ Weir 2008, pp. 146–9 ^ Allmand 2010, p. 1 ^ Weir 1995, p. 94 ^ Sherborne 1994, pp. 218,239 ^ McFarlane 1972, p. 94 ^ Brewer 2012, p. 4 ^ Lloyd 2004 ^ Weir 2008, pp. 76–7 ^ Walker 2004 ^ Walker 2004, p. 124 ^ Weir 2008, p. 124 ^ Weir 2008, p. 130 ^ Griffiths 2004 ^ Henry Bedingfeld and Peter Gwynn-Jones, Heraldry, Chartwell Books, 1993, page 130. ^ Guy Cardogan Rothery, Concise Encyclopedia of Heraldry, Brackten Books, 1915, page 183 ^ Adrian Ailes, “Heraldry in Medieval England: Symbols of Politics and Propaganda,” in Heraldry, Pageantry, and Social Display in Medieval England, ed. Peter Cross and Maurice Keen (Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell, 2002), 83-104 (101).
Bibliography[edit]
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membership required.)
Belsey, Catherine (1992). "Making History". In Holderness, Graham.
Shakespeare's history plays: Richard II to Henry V. Macmillan.
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Brewer, DS (2012). John Gower, Poetry and
Propaganda
Propaganda in
Fourteenth-century England (Volume 7 of Publications of the John Gower
Society ed.). DS Brewer. ISBN 1843843153.
Brown, Henry; Summerson, A. L (2010). "Henry IV (1367–1413)". Oxford
Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University
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library membership required.)
Castor, Helen (2000). The King, the Crown, and the Duchy of Lancaster:
Public Authority and Private Power, 1399–1461. Oxford University
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Davies, R R (1995). The Revolt of Owain Glyn Dwr. Oxford University
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First Duke of Lancaster, 1310–1361. Elek (Paul) (Scientific Books)
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Galbraith, Vivian Hunter (1982). Kings and chroniclers: essays in
English medieval history. Hambledon Press. ISBN 095068824X.
Goodman, Anthony (1981). The Wars of the Roses: Military Activity and
English Society, 1452–97. Taylor & Francis.
ISBN 0-415-05264-5.
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of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press.
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membership required.)
Griffiths, R. A. (2008). "Mortimer, Edmund (V), fifth earl of March
and seventh earl of Ulster (1391–1425)". Oxford Dictionary of
National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press.
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membership required.)
Harriss, R. A. (2004). "Thomas , duke of Clarence (1387–1421)".
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford
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UK public library membership required.)
Harriss, R. A. (2004). "Humphrey , duke of Gloucester (1390–1447)".
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UK public library membership required.)
Hicks, Michael (2010). The Wars of the Roses. Yale University Press.
ISBN 9780300114232.
Jones, Dan (2012). The Plantagenets: The Kings Who Made England.
HarperPress. ISBN 0-00-745749-9.
Lee, Christopher (1997). This Sceptred Isle. Penguin Books.
ISBN 978-1-84529-994-1.
Lloyd, Simon (2004). "Edmund , first earl of Lancaster and first earl
of Leicester (1245–1296)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8504. (Subscription or UK public library
membership required.)
Mate, Mavis (2006). Trade and Economic Developments 1450–1550: The
Experience of Kent, Surrey and Sussex. Boydell Press.
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University Press. ISBN 0198223447.
McKisack, M. (1959). The Fourteenth Century: 1307–1399. Continuum
Publishing Corporation. ISBN 978-1441102690.
Mortimer, Ian (2012). Medieval Intrigue: Decoding Royal Conspiracies.
Continuum. ISBN 1441102698.
Saul, Nigel (1997). Richard II. New Haven: Yale University Press.
ISBN 0-300-07003-9.
Schama, Simon (2000). A History of Britain – At the edge of the
world. BBC. ISBN 0-563-53483-4.
Sherborne, James (1994). War, Politics and Culture in 14th Century
England. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 1852850868.
Storey, Robin (1986). The End of the House of Lancaster. Sutton
Publishing. ISBN 0-86299-290-7.
Stratford, Jenny (2004). "John , duke of Bedford (1389–1435)".
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford
University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/14844. (Subscription or
UK public library membership required.)
Swanson, R.N. (1995). Religion and Devotion in Europe, c. 1215–c.
1515. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-37950-4.
Tuck, Anthony (2004). Crown and Nobility 1272–1461: Political
Conflict in Late Medieval England. London: Fontana.
ISBN 0-00-686084-2.
Walker, Simon (2004). "John, duke of
Aquitaine
Aquitaine and duke of Lancaster,
styled king of Castile and León (1340–1399)". Oxford Dictionary of
National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press.
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membership required.)
Walker, Simon (2004). "
Blanche of Lancaster
Blanche of Lancaster (1346?–1368)". Oxford
Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University
Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/54463. (Subscription or UK public
library membership required.)
Waugh, Scott L. (2004). "Henry of Lancaster, third Earl of Lancaster
and third
Earl of Leicester
Earl of Leicester (c.1280–1345)". Oxford Dictionary of
National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press.
doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/12959. (Subscription or UK public library
membership required.)
Weir, Alison (1995). Lancaster & York – The Wars of the
Roses. Pimlico. ISBN 0-7126-6674-5.
Weir, Alison (2008). Britain's Royal Families. Vintage.
ISBN 978-0-09-953973-5.
External links[edit]
House of Lancaster
House of Lancaster on the official website of the British monarchy
Wikimedia Commons has media related to House of Lancaster.
Royal house House of Lancaster Cadet branch of the House of Plantagenet
Preceded by House of Valois Ruling house of the Kingdom of France (disputed with the House of Valois) 1422–1453 Succeeded by House of Valois
Preceded by House of Plantagenet (senior line) Ruling house of the Duchy of Aquitaine 1399–1422
Ruling house of the Kingdom of England 1399–1461 Succeeded by House of York
Preceded by House of York Ruling house of the Kingdom of England 1470–1471
v t e
Royal houses of Europe
Nordic countries
Denmark
Knýtlinga Fairhair Estridsen Griffins Palatinate-Neumarkt Oldenburg Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg
Finland
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Norway
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Sweden
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Wales
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Ireland
Ulaid Dál Riata Érainn Corcu Loígde Laigin Connachta Uí Néill Ó Gallchobhair Ó Domhnail Ó Néill Ó Máel Sechlainn Mac Murchada Ó Briain Mac Lochlainn Ó Conchobhair
Gaelic Ireland
Laigin
Síl Conairi
Ulaid
Dáirine
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Cruthin
Dál nAraidi
Connachta
Uí Fiachrach
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Eóganachta
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Raithlind
Uí Dúnlainge
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Uí Ceinnselaig
Dál gCais
Ó Briain
Mac Carthaig
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De Burgh (Norman)
FitzGerald (Norman)
Ó Domhnaill
Ó Néill
Great Britain
Stuart Orange-Nassau Hanover Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Windsor
Eastern Europe
Albania
Angevin Progon Arianiti Thopia Kastrioti Dukagjini Wied Zogu Ottoman Savoy
Armenia2
Orontid Artaxiad Arsacid Bagratid Artsruni Rubenids Hethumids Lusignan Savoy
Bosnia
Boričević Kulinić Kotromanić Kosača Ottoman Habsburg-Lorraine
Bulgaria
Dulo Krum Cometopuli Asen Smilets Terter Shishman Sratsimir Battenberg Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Croatia
Trpimirović Domagojević Svačić Ottoman Luxembourg Habsburg Habsburg-Lorraine Bonaparte Savoy (disputed)
Cyprus2
Plantagenet Lusignan Ottoman Savoy
Georgia1
Pharnavazid Artaxiad Arsacid Ottoman Chosroid Bagrationi
Greece
Argead Macedonian Doukas Komnenos Angelos Laskaris Palaiologos Ottoman Wittelsbach Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg
Lithuania
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Russia1
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Serbia
Vlastimirović Vukanović Nemanjić Lazarević Mrnjavčević Dejanović Branković Ottoman Obrenović Karađorđević
Turkey1
Ottoman
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Rurikids Piast Gediminids Olshanski Olelkovich Giray Romanov Habsburg-Lorraine
1 Transcontinental country. 2 Entirely in Southwest
Asia
Asia but having
socio-political connections with Europe.
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After partitions:
Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov
Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov Kingdom of Poland
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Wettin Duchy of Warsaw
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v t e
Wars of the Roses
Red Rose of Lancaster White Rose of York Tudor Rose
Key figures
Monarchs of England
Henry VI Edward IV Edward V Richard III Henry VII
Lancastrian
Margaret of Anjou, Queen of England Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick Henry Holland, 3rd Duke of Exeter Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford Jasper Tudor, Duke of Bedford
Yorkist
Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu William Neville, 1st Earl of Kent Thomas Neville, Viscount Fauconberg John de la Pole, 1st Earl of Lincoln John de Mowbray, 3rd Duke of Norfolk
Battles
Lancastrian victories
Battle of Ludford Bridge
Battle of Worksop
Battle of Worksop (Small victory)
Battle of Wakefield
Second Battle of St Albans
Battle of Ferrybridge
Battle of Ferrybridge (Indecisive)
Battle of Edgecote Moor
Battle of Bosworth Field
Battle of Stoke Field
Yorkist victories
First Battle of St Albans
Battle of Blore Heath
Battle of Sandwich
Battle of Northampton
Battle of Mortimer's Cross
Battle of Ferrybridge
Battle of Ferrybridge (Indecisive)
Battle of Towton
Battle of Hedgeley Moor
Battle of Hexham
Battle of Lose-coat Field
Battle of Barnet
Battle of Tewkesbury
See also
Act of Accord Buckingham's rebellion Percy–Neville feud Issue of Edward III of England Readeption of Henry VI
Book:Wars of the Roses Category:Wars of the Roses Portal: