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Champagne (/ʃæmˈpeɪn/, French: [ʃɑ̃paɲ]) is a type of sparkling wine and type of an alcoholic drink produced from grapes grown in the Champagne

Champagne region of France

France following rules that demand, among other things, secondary fermentation of the wine in the bottle to create carbonation, specific vineyard practices, sourcing of grapes exclusively from specific parcels in the Champagne

Champagne appellation and specific pressing regimes unique to the region.[1] Most people use the term Champagne

Champagne as a generic term for sparkling wine,[2][3] but in some countries, it is illegal to label any product Champagne

Champagne unless it both comes from the Champagne

Champagne region and is produced under the rules of the appellation.[4]

Vineyards in the Champagne
Champagne region of France

Primarily, the grapes Pinot Noir, Pinot Meunier, and Chardonnay
Chardonnay are used in the production of almost all Champagne, but a tiny amount of pinot blanc, pinot gris, arbane, and petit meslier are vinified as well. Champagne
Champagne appellation law allows only grapes grown according to appellation rules in specifically designated plots within the appellation to be used in the production of champagne. Champagne
Champagne became associated with royalty in the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. The leading manufacturers made efforts to associate their Champagnes with nobility and royalty through advertising and packaging, which led to popularity among the emerging middle class.[4]

Contents

1 Origins 2 Right to the name Champagne

2.1 Use of the word Champagne

3 Production

3.1 Bubbles 3.2 Champagne
Champagne producers 3.3 Marketing Champagne

4 Grape varieties and styles

4.1 Types of Champagne

4.1.1 Prestige cuvée 4.1.2 Blanc de noirs 4.1.3 Blanc de blancs 4.1.4 Rosé
Rosé Champagne

4.2 Sweetness

5 Champagne
Champagne bottles

5.1 Champagne
Champagne corks

6 Champagne
Champagne etiquette

6.1 Opening Champagne
Champagne bottles 6.2 Pouring Champagne 6.3 Spraying Champagne

7 Champagne
Champagne price 8 Champagne
Champagne producers 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links

Origins[edit] Main article: History of Champagne

Jean François de Troy's 1735 painting Le Déjeuner d'Huîtres (The Oyster Luncheon) is the first known depiction of Champagne
Champagne in painting

Still wines from the Champagne
Champagne region were known before medieval times. The Romans were the first to plant vineyards in this area of north-east France, with the region being cultivated by the 5th century, or possibly even earlier.[citation needed] Later, churches owned vineyards and monks produced wine for use in the sacrament of Eucharist. French kings were traditionally anointed in Reims, and Champagne
Champagne was served as part of coronation festivities. The Champenois were envious of the reputation of the wines made by their Burgundian neighbours to the south and sought to produce wines of equal acclaim. However, the northerly climate of the region gave the Champenois a unique set of challenges in making red wine. At the far extremes of sustainable viticulture, the grapes would struggle to ripen fully and often would have bracing levels of acidity and low sugar levels. The wines would be lighter bodied and thinner than the Burgundy
Burgundy wines they were seeking to outdo.[5] Contrary to legend and popular belief, Dom Pérignon
Dom Pérignon did not invent sparkling wine, though he did make important contributions to the production and quality of both still and sparkling Champagne wines.[6][7] The oldest recorded sparkling wine is Blanquette de Limoux, which was apparently invented by Benedictine Monks in the Abbey
Abbey of Saint-Hilaire, near Carcassonne
Carcassonne in 1531.[8] They achieved this by bottling the wine before the initial fermentation had ended. Over a century later, the English scientist and physician Christopher Merret documented the addition of sugar to a finished wine to create a second fermentation, six years before Dom Pérignon
Dom Pérignon set foot in the Abbey
Abbey of Hautvillers. Merret presented a paper at the Royal Society, in which he detailed what is now called méthode champenoise, in 1662.[9] Merret's discoveries coincided also with English glass-makers' technical developments that allowed bottles to be produced that could withstand the required internal pressures during secondary fermentation. French glass-makers at this time could not produce bottles of the required quality or strength. As early as 1663 the poet Samuel Butler referred to "brisk champagne".[10] In France
France the first sparkling Champagne
Champagne was created accidentally; the pressure in the bottle led it to be called "the devil's wine" (le vin du diable), as bottles exploded or corks popped. At the time, bubbles were considered a fault. In 1844 Adolphe Jaquesson invented the muselet to prevent the corks from blowing out. Initial versions were difficult to apply and inconvenient to remove.[11][12] Even when it was deliberately produced as a sparkling wine, Champagne
Champagne was for a very long time made by the méthode rurale, where the wine was bottled before the initial fermentation had finished. Champagne
Champagne did not use the méthode champenoise until the 19th century, about 200 years after Merret documented the process. The 19th century
19th century saw an exponential growth in Champagne
Champagne production, going from a regional production of 300,000 bottles a year in 1800 to 20 million bottles in 1850.[13] In 2007, Champagne
Champagne sales hit an all-time record of 338.7 million bottles.[14] In the 19th century
19th century Champagne
Champagne was noticeably sweeter than the Champagnes of today. The trend towards drier Champagne
Champagne began when Perrier-Jouët
Perrier-Jouët decided not to sweeten his 1846 vintage before exporting it to London. The designation Brut Champagne
Champagne was created for the British in 1876.[15] Right to the name Champagne[edit]

The Champagne
Champagne appellation highlighted in red

Main article: Champagne
Champagne (wine region) The Champagne
Champagne winemaking community, under the auspices of the Comité Interprofessionnel du vin de Champagne
Champagne (CIVC), has developed a comprehensive set of rules and regulations for all wine produced in the region to protect its economic interests. They include codification of the most suitable growing places; the most suitable grape types (most Champagne
Champagne is a blend of up to three grape varieties, though other varieties are allowed); and a lengthy set of requirements specifying most aspects of viticulture. This includes pruning, vineyard yield, the degree of pressing, and the time that wine must remain on its lees before bottling. It can also limit the release of Champagne
Champagne to market to maintain prices. Only when a wine meets these requirements may it be labelled Champagne. The rules agreed upon by the CIVC are submitted for the final approval of the Institut national de l'origine et de la qualité (formerly the Institut National des Appellations d'Origine, INAO). In 2007 the INAO, the government organization that controls wine appellations in France, was preparing to make the largest revision of the region's legal boundaries since 1927, in response to economic pressures. With soaring demand and limited production of grapes, Champagne
Champagne houses say the rising price could produce a consumer backlash that would harm the industry for years into the future. That, along with political pressure from villages that want to be included in the expanded boundaries, led to the move. Changes are subject to significant scientific review and are said to not impact Champagne produced grapes until 2020.[16] Use of the word Champagne[edit]

1915 English magazine illustration of a lady riding a Champagne
Champagne cork (Lordprice Collection)

Sparkling wines are produced worldwide, but many legal structures reserve the word Champagne
Champagne exclusively for sparkling wines from the Champagne
Champagne region, made in accordance with Comité Interprofessionnel du vin de Champagne
Champagne regulations. In the European Union and many other countries the name Champagne
Champagne is legally protected by the Madrid system under an 1891 treaty, which reserved it for the sparkling wine produced in the eponymous region and adhering to the standards defined for it as an appellation d'origine contrôlée; the protection was reaffirmed in the Treaty of Versailles
Treaty of Versailles after World War I. Similar legal protection has been adopted by over 70 countries. Most recently Australia,[17] Chile, Brazil, Canada
Canada and China
China passed laws or signed agreements with Europe that limit the use of the term "Champagne" to only those products produced in the Champagne
Champagne region. The United States bans the use from all new U.S.-produced wines.[3] Only those that had approval to use the term on labels before 2006 may continue to use it and only when it is accompanied by the wine's actual origin (e.g., "California").[3] The majority of US-produced sparkling wines do not use the term Champagne
Champagne on their labels,[18] and some states, such as Oregon,[19] ban producers in their states from using the term. In the United States name protection of wine-growing place names is becoming more important. Several key U.S. wine regions, such as those in California (Napa, Sonoma Valley, Paso Robles), Oregon, and Walla Walla, Washington, came to consider the remaining semi-generic labels as harmful to their reputations (cf. Napa Declaration on Place). Even the terms méthode champenoise and Champagne
Champagne method were forbidden by an EU court decision in 1994.[20] As of 2005 the description most often used for sparkling wines using the second fermentation in the bottle process, but not from the Champagne
Champagne region, is méthode traditionnelle. Sparkling wines are produced worldwide, and many producers use special terms to define them: Spain
Spain uses Cava, Italy designates it spumante, and South Africa uses cap classique. An Italian sparkling wine made from the Muscat grape uses the DOCG Asti and from the Glera grape the DOCG Prosecco. In Germany, Sekt
Sekt is a common sparkling wine. Other French wine regions cannot use the name Champagne: e.g., Burgundy
Burgundy and Alsace
Alsace produce Crémant. In 2008, more than 3,000 bottles of sparkling wine produced in California labelled with the term "Champagne" were destroyed by Belgian government authorities.[21] Regardless of the legal requirements for labeling, extensive education efforts by the Champagne
Champagne region, and the use of alternative names by non- Champagne
Champagne quality sparkling wine producers, some consumers and wine sellers, including "Korbels California Champagne", use Champagne as a generic term for white sparkling wines, regardless of origin. The village of Champagne, Switzerland, has traditionally made a still wine labelled as "Champagne", the earliest records of viticulture dated to 1657. In an accord with the EU, the Swiss government conceded in 1999 that by 2004 the village would phase out use of the name. Sales dropped from 110,000 bottles a year to 32,000 after the change. In April 2008 the villagers resolved to fight against the restriction following a Swiss open-air vote.[22] In the Soviet Union
Soviet Union all sparkling wines were called шампанское (shampanskoe, Russian for "Champagne"). The name is still used today for some brands of sparkling wines produced in former Soviet republics, such as Sovetskoye Shampanskoye
Sovetskoye Shampanskoye and Rossiyskoe Shampanskoe. Production[edit] Main article: Champagne
Champagne production

Le Remueur: 1889 engraving of the man engaged in the daily task of turning each bottle a fraction

Méthode Champenoise is the traditional method by which Champagne
Champagne is produced. After primary fermentation and bottling, a second alcoholic fermentation occurs in the bottle. This second fermentation is induced by adding several grams of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Saccharomyces cerevisiae and rock sugar to the bottle - although each brand has its own secret recipe.[23] According to the appellation d'origine contrôlée a minimum of 1.5 years is required to completely develop all the flavour. For years where the harvest is exceptional, a millésime is declared and some Champagne
Champagne will be made from and labelled as the products of a single vintage rather than a blend of multiple years' harvests. This means that the Champagne
Champagne will be very good and has to mature for at least 3 years. During this time the Champagne
Champagne bottle is sealed with a crown cap similar to that used on beer bottles.[4] After aging, the bottle is manipulated, either manually or mechanically, in a process called remuage (or "riddling" in English), so that the lees settle in the neck of the bottle. After chilling the bottles, the neck is frozen, and the cap removed. The pressure in the bottle forces out the ice containing the lees, and the bottle is quickly corked to maintain the carbon dioxide in solution. Some wine from previous vintages as well as additional sugar (le dosage) is added to maintain the level within the bottle and, importantly, adjust the sweetness of the finished wine.[4] Bubbles[edit] See also: Carbonation

Bubbles from rosé Champagne

An initial burst of effervescence occurs when the Champagne
Champagne contacts the dry glass on pouring. These bubbles form on imperfections in the glass that facilitate nucleation or, to a lesser extent, on cellulose fibres left over from the wiping/drying process as shown with a high-speed video camera.[24] However, after the initial rush, these naturally occurring imperfections are typically too small to consistently act as nucleation points as the surface tension of the liquid smooths out these minute irregularities. The nucleation sites that act as a source for the ongoing effervescence are not natural imperfections in the glass, but actually occur where the glass has been etched by the manufacturer or the customer. This etching is typically done with acid, a laser, or a glass etching tool from a craft shop to provide nucleation sites for continuous bubble formation (note that not all glasses are etched in this way). In 1662 this method was developed in England, as records from the Royal Society show. Dom Pérignon
Dom Pérignon was originally charged by his superiors at the Abbey
Abbey of Hautvillers
Hautvillers to get rid of the bubbles since the pressure in the bottles caused many of them to burst in the cellar.[25] As sparkling wine production increased in the early 18th century, cellar workers had to wear a heavy iron mask to prevent injury from spontaneously bursting bottles. The disturbance caused by one bottle exploding could cause a chain reaction, with it being routine for cellars to lose 20–90% of their bottles this way. The mysterious circumstance surrounding the then unknown process of fermentation and carbonic gas caused some critics to call the sparkling creations "The Devil's Wine".[26]

Champagne
Champagne uncorking photographed with an air-gap flash

Champagne
Champagne producers[edit] Main article: List of Champagne
Champagne houses See also: Grower Champagne There are more than one hundred Champagne
Champagne houses and 19,000 smaller vignerons (vine-growing producers) in Champagne. These companies manage some 32,000 hectares of vineyards in the region. The type of Champagne
Champagne producer can be identified from the abbreviations followed by the official number on the bottle:[27]

NM: Négociant manipulant. These companies (including the majority of the larger brands) buy grapes and make the wine CM: Coopérative de manipulation. Cooperatives that make wines from the growers who are members, with all the grapes pooled together RM: Récoltant manipulant. (Also known as Grower Champagne) A grower that also makes wine from its own grapes (a maximum of 5% of purchased grapes is permitted). Note that co-operative members who take their bottles to be disgorged at the co-op can now label themselves as RM instead of RC SR: Société de récoltants. An association of growers making a shared Champagne
Champagne but who are not a co-operative RC: Récoltant coopérateur. A co-operative member selling Champagne produced by the co-operative under its own name and label MA: Marque auxiliaire or Marque d'acheteur. A brand name unrelated to the producer or grower; the name is owned by someone else, for example a supermarket ND: Négociant distributeur. A wine merchant selling under his own name

Marketing Champagne[edit]

An Edwardian English advertisement for Champagne, listing honours and royal drinkers

See also: Champagne
Champagne in popular culture In the 19th century, Champagne
Champagne was produced and promoted to mark contemporary political events, for example, the Franco-Russian Alliance of 1893, Columbus' discovery of America, and Tennis Court Oath to mark the centennial of French Revolution.[28] By selling champagne as a nationalist ideology, négociant manages to associate champagne with leisure activities and sporting events. In addition, négociant successfully appeal champagne to broader consumers by introducing the different qualities of sparkling wine, associating champagne brands with royalty and nobility, and selling off-brands under the name of the importer from France
France at a lower cost. Though selling off-brands at a lower expense proved to be unsuccessful since “there was an assumption that cheap sparkling wine was not authentic."[28] From the start to end of Belle Époque
Belle Époque period, champagne has gone from a regional product with a niche market audience to a national commodity that distributed globally. A large popularity of Champagne
Champagne is attributed to the success of Champagne
Champagne producers in marketing the wine's image as a royal and aristocratic drink. Laurent-Perrier's advertisements in late 1890 boasted their Champagne
Champagne was the favourite of Leopold II of Belgium, George I of Greece, Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Margaret Cambridge, Marchioness of Cambridge, and John Lambton, 3rd Earl of Durham, among other nobles, knights, and military officers. Despite this royal prestige, Champagne
Champagne houses also portrayed Champagne
Champagne as a luxury enjoyable by anyone, for any occasion.[29] This strategy worked, and, by the turn of the 20th century, the majority of Champagne
Champagne drinkers were middle class.[30] In the 19th century, Champagne
Champagne producers made a concentrated effort to market their wine to women. This is done by having the sweeter champagne associates with female, whereas the dry champagne with male and foreign markets.[28] This was in stark contrast to the traditionally "male aura" that the wines of France
France had—particularly Burgundy
Burgundy and Bordeaux. Laurent-Perrier
Laurent-Perrier again took the lead in this area with advertisements touting their wine's favour with the Countess of Dudley, the wife of the 9th Earl of Stamford, the wife of the Baron Tollemache, and the opera singer Adelina Patti. Champagne
Champagne labels were designed with images of romantic love and marriage as well as other special occasions that were deemed important to women, such as the baptism of a child.[31] In some advertisements, the Champagne
Champagne houses catered to political interest such as the labels that appeared on different brands on bottles commemorating the centennial anniversary of the French Revolution of 1789. On some labels there were flattering images of Marie Antoinette
Marie Antoinette that appealed to the conservative factions of French citizens that viewed the former queen as a martyr. On other labels there were stirring images of Revolutionary scenes that appealed to the liberal left sentiments of French citizens. As World War I loomed, Champagne
Champagne houses put images of soldiers and countries' flags on their bottles, customizing the image for each country to which the wine was imported. During the Dreyfus affair, one Champagne
Champagne house released a champagne antijuif with antisemitic advertisements to take advantage of the wave of Antisemitism
Antisemitism that hit parts of France.[32] Champagne
Champagne is typically drunk during celebrations. For example, British Prime Minister Tony Blair
Tony Blair held a Champagne
Champagne reception to celebrate London
London winning the right to host the 2012 Summer Olympics.[33] It is also used to launch ships when a bottle is smashed over the hull during the ship's launch. If the bottle fails to break this is often thought to be bad luck. Grape varieties and styles[edit] Champagne
Champagne is a single appellation d'origine contrôlée. As a general rule, grapes used must be the white Chardonnay, or the dark-skinned "red wine grapes" Pinot noir
Pinot noir or Pinot Meunier, which, due to the gentle pressing of the grapes and absence of skin contact during fermentation, usually also yield a white base wine. Most Champagnes, including Rosé
Rosé wines, are made from a blend of all three grapes, although Blanc de blancs ("white from whites") Champagnes are made from 100% Chardonnay
Chardonnay and Blanc de noirs ("white from blacks") Champagnes are made solely from Pinot noir, Pinot Meunier
Pinot Meunier or a mix of the two.[27] Four other grape varieties are permitted, mostly for historical reasons, as they are rare in current usage. The 2010 version of the appellation regulations lists seven varieties as allowed, Arbane, Chardonnay, Petit Meslier, Pinot blanc, Pinot gris, Pinot Meunier, and Pinot noir.[34] The sparsely cultivated varieties (0.02% of the total vines planted in Champagne) of Arbanne, Petit Meslier and Pinot blanc, might still be found in modern cuvées from a few producers.[35] Previous directives of INAO make conditional allowances according to the complex laws of 1927 and 1929, and plantings made before 1938.[36] Before the 2010 regulations, the complete list of the actual and theoretical varieties also included Pinot de Juillet and Pinot Rosé.[37] The Gamay
Gamay vines of the region were scheduled to be uprooted by 1942, but due to World War II, this was postponed until 1962,[38] and this variety is no longer allowed in Champagne.[34] The dark-skinned Pinot noir
Pinot noir and Pinot meunier give the wine its length and backbone. They are predominantly grown in two areas – the Montagne de Reims
Reims and the Vallée de la Marne. The Montagne de Reims run east-west to the south of Reims, in northern Champagne. They are notable for north-facing chalky slopes that derive heat from the warm winds rising from the valleys below. The River Marne
Marne runs west–east through Champagne, south of the Montagne de Reims. The Vallée de la Marne
Marne contains south-facing chalky slopes. Chardonnay
Chardonnay gives the wine its acidity and biscuit flavour. Most Chardonnay
Chardonnay is grown in a north–south-running strip to the south of Épernay, called the Côte des Blancs, including the villages of Avize, Oger and Le Mesnil-sur-Oger. These are east-facing vineyards, with terroir similar to the Côte de Beaune. The various terroirs account for the differences in grape characteristics and explain the appropriateness of blending juice from different grape varieties and geographical areas within Champagne, to get the desired style for each Champagne house.[27] Types of Champagne[edit]

Champagne
Champagne appellation

Most of the Champagne
Champagne produced today is "Non-vintage", meaning that it is a blended[39] product of grapes from multiple vintages. Most of the base will be from a single year vintage with producers blending anywhere from 10–15% (even as high as 40%) of wine from older vintages.[27] If the conditions of a particular vintage are favourable, some producers will make a vintage wine that must be composed of 100% of the grapes from that vintage year.[40] Under Champagne
Champagne wine regulations, houses that make both vintage and non-vintage wines are allowed to use no more than 80% of the total vintage's harvest for the production of vintage Champagne. This allows at least 20% of the harvest from each vintage to be reserved for use in non-vintage Champagne. This ensures a consistent style that consumers can expect from non-vintage Champagne
Champagne that does not alter too radically depending on the quality of the vintage. In less than ideal vintages, some producers will produce a wine from only that single vintage and still label it as non-vintage rather than as "vintage" since the wine will be of lesser quality and the producers have little desire to reserve the wine for future blending.[27] Prestige cuvée[edit] A cuvée de prestige is a proprietary blended wine (usually a Champagne) that is considered to be the top of a producer's range. Famous examples include Louis Roederer's Cristal, Laurent-Perrier's Grand Siècle, Moët & Chandon's Dom Pérignon, Duval-Leroy's Cuvée Femme, Armand de Brignac
Armand de Brignac Gold Brut, and Pol Roger's Cuvée Sir Winston Churchill. Perhaps the first publicly-available prestige cuvée was Moët & Chandon's Dom Pérignon, launched in 1936 with the 1921 vintage. Until then, Champagne
Champagne houses produced different cuvées of varying quality, but a top-of-the-range wine produced to the highest standards (and priced accordingly) was a new idea. In fact, Louis Roederer
Louis Roederer had been producing Cristal since 1876, but this was strictly for the private consumption of the Russian tsar. Cristal was made publicly available with the 1945 vintage. Then came Taittinger's Comtes de Champagne
Champagne (first vintage 1952), and Laurent-Perrier's Grand Siècle 'La Cuvée' in 1960, a blend of three vintages (1952, 1953, and 1955) and Perrier Jouët's La Belle Époque. In the last three decades of the 20th century, most Champagne
Champagne houses followed these with their own prestige cuvées, often named after notable people with a link to that producer and presented in non-standard bottle shapes (following Dom Pérignon's lead with its 18th-century revival design). Blanc de noirs[edit] A French term (literally "white from blacks" or "white of blacks") for a white wine produced entirely from black grapes. The flesh of grapes described as black or red is white; grape juice obtained after minimal possible contact with the skins produces essentially white wine, with a slightly yellower colour than wine from white grapes. The colour, due to the small amount of red skin pigments present, is often described as white-yellow, white-grey, or silvery. Blanc de noirs is often encountered in Champagne, where a number of houses have followed the lead of Bollinger's prestige cuvée Vieilles Vignes Françaises in introducing a cuvée made from either pinot noir, pinot meunier or a blend of the two (these being the only two black grapes permitted within the Champagne
Champagne AOC appellation). Blanc de blancs[edit]

A Grand Cru blanc de blancs Champagne

A French term that means "white from whites", and is used to designate Champagnes made exclusively from Chardonnay
Chardonnay grapes or in rare occasions from Pinot blanc
Pinot blanc (such as La Bolorée from Cedric Bouchard). The term is occasionally used in other sparkling wine-producing regions, usually to denote Chardonnay-only wines rather than any sparkling wine made from other white grape varieties.[27] Rosé
Rosé Champagne[edit]

A Rosé
Rosé Champagne

"Pink Champagne" was a cheap, sweet version of sparkling wine made in the 1950s and early 1960s because the average American consumer at the time thought brut champagne was too dry, but it has been discontinued. Brut rose Champagnes came along in the 1990s, a version as dry as regular brut Champagne. They are produced either by leaving the clear juice of black grapes to macerate on its skins for a brief time (known as the saignée method) or, more commonly, by adding a small amount of still pinot noir red wine to the sparkling wine cuvée. Champagne
Champagne is typically light in colour even if it is produced with red grapes, because the juice is extracted from the grapes using a gentle process that minimizes the amount of time the juice spends in contact with the skins, which is what gives red wine its colour. Rosé
Rosé Champagne
Champagne is one of the few wines that allow the production of rosé by the addition of a small amount of red wine during blending. This ensures a predictable and reproducible colour, allowing a constant rosé colour from year to year. It is popular in many countries and in high-end restaurants due to its soft yet sensitive taste, which is advantageous in food and wine pairing.[27] Sweetness[edit] The ripeness of the grapes and the amount of sugar added after the second fermentation—dosage—varies and will affect the amount of sugar remaining in the Champagne
Champagne when bottled for sale, and hence the sweetness of the finished wine. Wines labeled Brut Zero, more common among smaller producers,[41] have no added sugar and will usually be very dry, with less than 3 grams of residual sugar per litre in the finished wine. The following terms are used to describe the sweetness of the bottled wine:

Extra Brut (less than 6 grams of residual sugar per litre) Brut (less than 12 grams) Extra Dry (between 12 and 17 grams) Sec (between 17 and 32 grams) Demi-sec (between 32 and 50 grams) Doux (50 grams)

The most common style today is Brut, although throughout the 19th century and into the early 20th century Champagne
Champagne was generally much sweeter than it is today, and drunk as dessert wines (after the meal), rather than as table wines (with the meal), except in Britain, where they were drunk with the meal.[42] At this time, Champagne
Champagne sweetness was instead referred to by destination country, roughly as:[43]

Goût anglais ("English taste", between 22 and 66 grams); note that today goût anglais refers to aged vintage Champagne Goût américain ("American taste", between 110 and 165 grams) Goût français ("French taste", between 165 and 200 grams) Goût russe ("Russian taste", between 200 and 300 grams)

Of these, only the driest English is close to contemporary tastes. Champagne
Champagne bottles[edit] Further information: Wine
Wine bottle

Side-by-side comparison of Champagne
Champagne bottles. (L to R) On ladder: Magnum (1.5 litres), full (0.75 litre), half (0.375 litre), quarter (0.1875 litre). On floor: Balthazar (12 litres), Salmanazar (9 litres), Methuselah (6 litres), Jeroboam (3 litres)

Champagne
Champagne is mostly fermented in two sizes of bottles, standard bottles (750 millilitres) and magnums (1.5 litres). In general, magnums are thought to be higher quality, as there is less oxygen in the bottle, and the volume-to-surface area ratio favours the creation of appropriately sized bubbles. However, there is no hard evidence for this view. Other bottle sizes, mostly named for Biblical figures, are generally filled with Champagne
Champagne that has been fermented in standard bottles or magnums. Gosset still bottles its Grande Réserve in jeroboam from the beginning of its second fermentation. Sizes larger than Jeroboam (3 L) are rare. Primat bottles (27 L)—and, as of 2002, Melchizedek bottles (30 L)—are exclusively offered by the House Drappier. (The same names are used for bottles containing regular wine and port; however, Jeroboam, Rehoboam, and Methuselah refer to different bottle volumes.) Unique sizes have been made for special occasions and people, the most notable example perhaps being the 20 fluid ounce / 60 cL. bottle (Imperial pint) made especially for Sir Winston Churchill by Pol Roger.[44] In 2009, a bottle of 1825 Perrier-Jouët
Perrier-Jouët Champagne
Champagne was opened at a ceremony attended by 12 of the world's top wine tasters. This bottle was officially recognised by Guinness World Records
Guinness World Records as the oldest bottle of Champagne
Champagne in the world. The contents were found to be drinkable, with notes of truffles and caramel in the taste. There are now only two other bottles from the 1825 vintage extant.[45] In July 2010, 168 bottles were found on board a shipwreck near the Åland Islands
Åland Islands in the Baltic Sea
Baltic Sea by Finnish diver Christian Ekström. Initial analyses indicated there were at least two types of bottle from two different houses: Veuve Clicquot
Veuve Clicquot in Reims
Reims and the long-defunct Champagne
Champagne house Juglar (absorbed into Jacquesson in 1829.)[46] The shipwreck is dated between 1800 and 1830, and the bottles discovered may well predate the 1825 Perrier-Jouët
Perrier-Jouët referenced above.[47][48] When experts were replacing the old corks with new ones, they discovered there were also bottles from a third house, Heidsieck. The wreck, then, contained 95 bottles of Juglar, 46 bottles of Veuve Clicquot, and four bottles of Heidsieck, in addition to 23 bottles whose manufacture is still to be identified. Champagne
Champagne experts Richard Juhlin
Richard Juhlin and Essi Avellan, MW[46] described the bottles' contents as being in a very good condition. It is planned that the majority of the bottles will be sold at auction, the price of each estimated to be in the region of £40,000–70,000.[47][48][49] In April 2015, nearly five years after the bottles were first found, researchers led by Philippe Jeandet, a professor of food biochemistry, released the findings of their chemical analyses of the Champagne, and particularly noted the fact that, although the chemical composition of the 170-year-old Champagne
Champagne was very similar to the composition of modern-day Champagne, there was much more sugar in this Champagne
Champagne than in modern-day Champagne, and it was also less alcoholic than modern-day Champagne. The high sugar level was characteristic of people's tastes at the time, and Jeandet explained that it was common for people in the 19th century, such as Russians, to add sugar to their wine at dinner. It also contained higher concentrations of minerals such as iron, copper, and table salt than modern-day Champagne
Champagne does.[50][51] Champagne
Champagne corks[edit]

A Champagne
Champagne cork before usage. Only the lower section, made of top-quality pristine cork, will be in contact with the Champagne

Corking a Champagne
Champagne Bottle: 1855 engraving of the manual method

Champagne
Champagne corks are mostly built from three sections and are referred to as agglomerated corks. The mushroom shape that occurs in the transition is a result of the bottom section's being composed of two stacked discs of pristine cork cemented to the upper portion, which is a conglomerate of ground cork and glue. The bottom section is in contact with the wine. Before insertion, a sparkling wine cork is almost 50% larger than the opening of the bottle. Originally, the cork starts as a cylinder and is compressed before insertion into the bottle. Over time, their compressed shape becomes more permanent and the distinctive "mushroom" shape becomes more apparent. The aging of the Champagne
Champagne post-disgorgement can to some degree be told by the cork, as, the longer it has been in the bottle, the less it returns to its original cylinder shape. Champagne
Champagne etiquette[edit] See also: Champagne
Champagne stemware Champagne
Champagne is usually served in a Champagne
Champagne flute, whose characteristics include a long stem with a tall, narrow bowl, thin sides and an etched bottom. The Victorian coupe – according to legend, was designed using a mould of Marie Antoinette's left breast as a birthday present to her husband, Louis XVI – tends to disperse the nose and over-oxygenate the wine.[citation needed] Champagne
Champagne is always served cold; its ideal drinking temperature is 7 to 9 °C (45 to 48 °F). Often the bottle is chilled in a bucket of ice and water, half an hour before opening, which also ensures the Champagne
Champagne is less gassy and can be opened without spillage. Champagne buckets are made specifically for this purpose and often have a larger volume than standard wine-cooling buckets to accommodate the larger bottle, and more water and ice.[52] Opening Champagne
Champagne bottles[edit] To reduce the risk of spilling or spraying any Champagne, open the Champagne
Champagne bottle by holding the cork and rotating the bottle at an angle in order to ease out the stopper. This method, as opposed to pulling the cork out, prevents the cork from flying out of the bottle at speed. Also, holding the bottle at an angle allows air in and helps prevent the champagne from geysering out of the bottle. A sabre can be used to open a Champagne
Champagne bottle with great ceremony. This technique is called sabrage (the term is also used for simply breaking the head of the bottle). Pouring Champagne[edit] Pouring sparkling wine while tilting the glass at an angle and gently sliding in the liquid along the side will preserve the most bubbles, as opposed to pouring directly down to create a head of "mousse", according to a study, On the Losses of Dissolved CO2 during Champagne serving, by scientists from the University of Reims.[53] Colder bottle temperatures also result in reduced loss of gas.[53] Additionally, the industry is developing Champagne
Champagne glasses designed specifically to reduce the amount of gas lost.[54] Spraying Champagne[edit]

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Champagne
Champagne on the podium of the 2007 Tour of Gippsland

Champagne
Champagne has been an integral part of sports celebration since Moët & Chandon started offering their Champagne
Champagne to the winners of Formula 1 Grand Prix
Formula 1 Grand Prix events. At the 1967 24 Hours of Le Mans, winner Dan Gurney
Dan Gurney started the tradition of drivers spraying the crowd and each other.[55] The Muslim-majority nation Bahrain
Bahrain banned Champagne celebrations on F1 podiums in 2004, using a nonalcoholic pomegranate and rose water drink instead.[56] In 2015, some Australian sports competitors began to celebrate by drinking champagne from their shoe, a practice known as shoey. Champagne
Champagne price[edit] There are several general factors influencing the price of Champagne: the limited land of the region, the prestige that Champagne
Champagne has developed worldwide, and the high cost of the production process, among possible others.[57] Champagne
Champagne producers[edit] Main article: list of Champagne
Champagne houses A list of major Champagne
Champagne producers and their respective Cuvée de prestige

House Founding Year Location Cuvée de prestige Vintage Company

Henri Abelé 1757 Reims Sourire de Reims – Freixenet
Freixenet Spain

Alfred Gratien 1864 Épernay Cuvée Paradis yes Henkell & Co. Sektkellerei KG

Ayala 1860 Aÿ Grande Cuvée yes Bollinger

Bauget-Jouette 1822 Épernay Cuvée Jouette/ no Family owned

Beaumet/Jeanmaire 1878 Épernay Cuvée Malakoff/ Cuvée Elysée yes Laurent-Perrier

Beaumont des Crayères 1953 Mardeuil Nostalgie dependent cooperative with ~240 affiliated producers

Besserat de Bellefon 1843 Épernay Cuvée des Moines – Groupe Boizel Chanoine Champagne

Billecart-Salmon 1818 Mareuil-sur-Ay Grande Cuvée yes independent

Binet 1849 Rilly-la-Montagne Cuvée Sélection yes Groupe Binet, Prin et Collery

Château de Bligny 1911 Bligny (Aube) Cuvée année 2000 yes Groupe G. H. Martel & Co.

Chartogne Taillet 1515 Reims Fiacre yes independent

Henri Blin et Cie 1947 Vincelles Cuvée Jahr 2000 yes cooperative with ~34 affiliated producers

Bollinger 1829 Aÿ Vieilles Vignes Françaises yes independent

La Grande Année, (R. D. – Récemment Dégorgé, this is the denomination for „Œnothèque“ by Bollinger, meaning the crowning achievement of the Grande Année) yes

Boizel 1834 Épernay Joyau de France yes Boizel Chanoine Champagne

Ferdinand Bonnet 1922 Oger – – EPI

Raymond Boulard 1952 La-Neuville-aux-Larris Vieilles Vignes – independent

Canard-Duchêne 1868 Ludes Grande Cuvée Charles VII – Alain Thiénot

De Castellane 1895 Épernay Commodore yes Laurent-Perrier

Cattier 1918 Chigny-les-Roses Clos du Moulin/ Armand de Brignac – independent

Charles de Cazanove 1811 Reims Stradivarius – Groupe Rapeneau

Chanoine Frères 1730 Reims gamme Tsarine vintage dependent Boizel Chanoine Champagne

Cheurlin 1788 Celles-sur-Ource Brut Spéciale Rosé
Rosé de Saignée - Independent

Cheurlin Thomas 1788 Celles-sur-Ource Blanc de Blanc - Célébrité Blanc de Noir - Le Champion - Independent

Deutz 1838 Aÿ Amour de Deutz, Cuvée William Deutz yes Louis Rœderer

Drappier 1808 Urville Grande Sendrée yes family owned

Duval-Leroy 1859 Vertus Femme de Champagne vintage dependent independent

Gauthier 1858 Épernay Grande Réserve Brut – Boizel Chanoine Champagne

Paul Goerg 1950 Vertus Cuvée Lady C. yes –

Gosset 1584 Aÿ Celebris yes Renaud Cointreau

Heidsieck & Co. Monopole 1785 Épernay Diamant Bleu yes Vranken- Pommery
Pommery Monopole

Charles Heidsieck 1851 Reims Blanc des Millénaires yes EPI

Henriot 1808 Reims Cuvée des Enchanteleurs yes independent

Krug 1843 Reims Name defined annually yes LVMH

Clos du Mesnil, Clos d’Ambonnay vintage dependent

Charles Lafitte 1848 Épernay Orgueil de France vintage dependent Vranken- Pommery
Pommery Monopole

Lanson Père & Fils 1760 Reims Noble Cuvée yes Boizel Chanoine Champagne

Larmandier-Bernier 1956 Vertus Vieille Vigne de Cramant yes family owned

Laurent-Perrier 1812 Tours-sur-Marne Grand Siècle „La Cuvée“ – Laurent-Perrier

Mercier 1858 Épernay Vendange yes LVMH

Moët & Chandon 1743 Épernay Dom Pérignon yes LVMH

G. H. Mumm 1827 Reims Mumm de Cramant – Pernod-Ricard

Bruno Paillard 1981 Reims N. P. U. (Nec Plus Ultra) yes independent

Perrier-Jouët 1811 Épernay Belle Époque yes Pernod-Ricard

Philipponnat 1910 Mareuil-sur-Ay Clos des Goisses vintage dependent Boizel Chanoine Champagne

Piper-Heidsieck 1785 Reims Rare – EPI

Pommery 1836 Reims Cuvée Louise yes Vranken- Pommery
Pommery Monopole

Robert Moncuit 1889 Le Mesnil-sur-Oger Cuvée réservée brut, Cuvée réservée extra brut, Grande Cuvée Grand Cru Blanc de Blancs no independent

Louis Rœderer 1776 Reims Cristal yes independent

Pol Roger 1849 Épernay Winston Churchill yes independent

Ruinart 1729 oldest still active producer Reims Dom Ruinart yes LVMH

Salon 1921 Le Mesnil-sur-Oger S yes Laurent-Perrier

Marie Stuart 1867 Reims Cuvée de la Sommelière – Alain Thiénot

Brut Millésimé yes

Taittinger 1734 Reims Comtes de Champagne yes Taittinger

Thiénot 1985 Reims Grande Cuvée yes Alain Thiénot

Cuvée Stanislas –

de Venoge 1837 Épernay Grand Vin des Princes yes Boizel Chanoine Champagne

Veuve Clicquot
Veuve Clicquot Ponsardin 1772 Reims La Grande Dame yes LVMH

Vranken 1979 Épernay Demoiselle followed by vintage dependent names vintage dependent Vranken- Pommery
Pommery Monopole