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Contents
1 Early life
1.1 Education
2 Marriage 3 Princess of Wales 4 Queen and regent 5 Final years 6 Legacy 7 Titles, styles, honours and arms
7.1 Titles and styles 7.2 Honours 7.3 Arms
8 Issue 9 Ancestry 10 Notes 11 Sources 12 Further reading 13 External links
Early life[edit]
Ansbach
Ansbach in the 17th century
Caroline was born on 1 March 1683 at Ansbach, the daughter of John
Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, and his second wife,
Princess Eleonore Erdmuthe of Saxe-Eisenach.[2][3] Her father was the
ruler of one of the smallest German states; he died of smallpox at the
age of 32, when Caroline was three years old. Caroline and her only
full sibling, her younger brother Margrave William Frederick, left
Ansbach
Ansbach with their mother, who returned to her native Eisenach.[4] In
1692, Caroline's widowed mother was pushed into an unhappy marriage
with the Elector of Saxony, and she and her two children moved to the
Saxon court at Dresden. Eleonore Erdmuthe was widowed again two years
later, after her unfaithful husband contracted smallpox from his
mistress.[5] Eleonore remained in
Saxony
Saxony for another two years, until
her death in 1696.[3][6] The orphaned Caroline and William Frederick
returned to
Ansbach
Ansbach to stay with their elder half-brother, Margrave
George Frederick II. George Frederick was a youth with little interest
in parenting a girl, and so Caroline soon moved to
Lützenburg
Lützenburg outside
Berlin, where she entered into the care of her new guardians,
Frederick, Elector of Brandenburg, and his wife, Sophia Charlotte, who
had been a friend of Eleonore Erdmuthe.[7]
Education[edit]
Frederick and Sophia Charlotte became king and queen of Prussia in
1701. The queen was the daughter of Dowager Electress Sophia of
Hanover, and the sister of George, Elector of Hanover. She was
renowned for her intelligence and strong character, and her uncensored
and liberal court attracted a great many scholars, including
philosopher Gottfried Leibniz.[8] Caroline was exposed to a lively
intellectual environment quite different from anything she had
experienced previously. Before she began her education under Sophia
Charlotte's care, Caroline had received little formal education; her
handwriting remained poor throughout her life.[3][9] With her lively
mind, Caroline developed into a scholar of considerable ability.[8]
She and Sophia Charlotte developed a strong relationship in which
Caroline was treated as a surrogate daughter;[10] the queen once
declared
Berlin
Berlin was "a desert" without Caroline whenever she left
temporarily for Ansbach.[3][9]
Marriage[edit]
Engraving of the royal couple and their seven children who survived infancy
An intelligent and attractive woman, Caroline was much sought-after as
a bride. Dowager Electress Sophia called her "the most agreeable
Princess in Germany".[11] She was considered for the hand of Archduke
Charles of Austria, who was a candidate for the throne of Spain and
later became Holy Roman Emperor. Charles made official overtures to
her in 1703, and the match was encouraged by King Frederick of
Prussia. After some consideration, Caroline refused in 1704, as she
would not convert from
Lutheranism
Lutheranism to Catholicism.[3][12] Early in the
following year, Queen Sophia Charlotte died on a visit to her native
Hanover.[13] Caroline was devastated, writing to Leibniz, "The
calamity has overwhelmed me with grief and sickness, and it is only
the hope that I may soon follow her that consoles me."[13]
In June 1705, Queen Sophia Charlotte's nephew, Prince George Augustus
of Hanover, visited the
Ansbach
Ansbach court, supposedly incognito, to
inspect Caroline, as his father the Elector did not want his son to
enter into a loveless arranged marriage as he himself had.[14] The
nephew of three childless uncles, George Augustus was under pressure
to marry and father an heir to prevent endangering the Hanoverian
succession.[15] He had heard reports of Caroline's "incomparable
beauty and mental attributes".[16] He immediately took a liking to her
"good character" and the British envoy reported that George Augustus
"would not think of anybody else after her".[3][17] For her part,
Caroline was not fooled by the prince's disguise, and found her suitor
attractive.[18] He was the heir apparent of his father's Electorate of
Hanover
Hanover and third-in-line to the British throne of his distant cousin
Queen Anne, after his grandmother Dowager Electress Sophia and his
father the Elector.[18]
On 22 August 1705, Caroline arrived in
Hanover
Hanover for her wedding to
George Augustus; they were married that evening in the palace chapel
at Herrenhausen.[2][3][19] By May of the following year, Caroline was
pregnant, and her first child Prince Frederick was born on 20 January
1707.[20] A few months after the birth, in July, Caroline fell
seriously ill with smallpox followed by pneumonia. Her baby was kept
away from her, but George Augustus remained at her side devotedly, and
caught and survived the infection himself.[21] Over the next seven
years, Caroline had three more children, Anne, Amelia, and Caroline,
all of whom were born in Hanover.[22]
Henrietta Howard, Countess of Suffolk
Henrietta Howard, Countess of Suffolk (pictured) was one of Caroline's
Women of the Bedchamber in addition to being one of Caroline's
husband's mistresses.
George Augustus and Caroline had a successful and loving marriage,
though he continued to keep mistresses, as was customary for the
time.[23] Caroline was well aware of his infidelities, as they were
well known and he told her about them. His two best-known mistresses
were Henrietta Howard, later Countess of Suffolk, and, from 1735,
Amalie von Wallmoden, Countess of Yarmouth. Howard was one of
Caroline's Women of the Bedchamber and became Mistress of the Robes
when her husband inherited a peerage in 1731; she retired in 1734.[24]
In contrast with her mother-in-law and husband, Caroline was known for
her marital fidelity; she never made any embarrassing scenes nor did
she take lovers.[23] She preferred her husband's mistresses to be
ladies-in-waiting, as that way she believed she could keep a closer
eye on them.[25]
The succession of her husband's family to the British throne was still
insecure, as Queen Anne's half-brother James Stuart contested the
Hanoverian claim, and Queen Anne and Caroline's grandmother-in-law
Dowager Electress Sophia had fallen out. Anne refused permission for
any of the Hanoverians to visit Britain in her lifetime.[26] Caroline
wrote to Leibniz, "I accept the comparison which you draw, though all
too flattering, between me and Queen Elizabeth as a good omen. Like
Elizabeth, the Electress's rights are denied her by a jealous sister
[Queen Anne], and she will never be sure of the English crown until
her accession to the throne."[27] In June 1714, Dowager Electress
Sophia died in Caroline's arms at the age of 83, and Caroline's
father-in-law became heir presumptive to Queen Anne. Just weeks later,
Anne died and the Elector of
Hanover
Hanover was proclaimed as her successor,
becoming George I of Great Britain.[28]
Princess of Wales[edit]
The Princess of Wales, painted by Sir
Godfrey Kneller
Godfrey Kneller in 1716
George Augustus sailed to England in September 1714, and Caroline and
two of her daughters followed in October.[29] Her journey across the
North Sea
North Sea from
The Hague
The Hague to
Margate
Margate was the only sea voyage she took
in her life.[30] Their young son, Prince Frederick, remained in
Hanover
Hanover for the rest of George I's reign to be brought up by private
tutors.[22]
On the accession of George I in 1714, Caroline's husband automatically
became
Duke of Cornwall
Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay. Shortly afterwards, he
was invested as Prince of Wales, whereupon she became Princess of
Wales. Caroline was the first woman to receive the title at the same
time as her husband received his.[18] She was the first Princess of
Wales for over two hundred years, the last one being Catherine of
Aragon. As George I had repudiated his wife Sophia Dorothea of Celle
in 1694 prior to his becoming King of Great Britain, there was no
queen consort, and Caroline was the highest-ranking woman in the
kingdom.[22] George Augustus and Caroline made a concerted effort to
"anglicise" by acquiring knowledge of England's language, people,
politics and customs.[31] Two separate courts developed with strong
contrasts; the old king's had German courtiers and government
ministers, while the Wales's court attracted English nobles out of
favour with the King, and was considerably more popular with the
British people. George Augustus and Caroline gradually became centres
of the political opposition to the King.[32]
Two years after their arrival in England, Caroline suffered a
stillbirth, which her friend the Countess of Bückeburg blamed on the
incompetence of English doctors,[33] but the following year she had
another son, Prince George William. At the baptism in November 1717,
her husband fell out with his father over the choice of godparents,
leading to the couple's placement under house arrest at St. James's
Palace prior to their banishment from court.[34] Caroline was
originally allowed to stay with their children, but refused as she
believed her place was with her husband.[35] She and her husband moved
into Leicester House, while their children remained in the care of the
King.[36] Caroline fell sick with worry, and fainted during a secret
visit to her children made without the King's approval.[37] By
January, the King had relented and allowed Caroline unrestricted
access. In February, Prince George William fell ill, and the King
allowed both George Augustus and Caroline to see him at Kensington
Palace without any conditions. When the baby died, a post-mortem was
conducted to prove that the cause of death was disease (a polyp on the
heart) rather than the separation from his mother.[38] Further tragedy
occurred in 1718, when Caroline miscarried at Richmond Lodge, her
country residence.[39] Over the next few years, Caroline had three
more children: William, Mary and Louise.[40]
Leicester House became a frequent meeting place for the ministry's
political opponents. Caroline struck up a friendship with politician
Sir Robert Walpole, a former minister in the Whig government who led a
disgruntled faction of the party. In April 1720, Walpole's wing of the
Whig party reconciled with the governing wing, and Walpole and
Caroline helped to effect a reconciliation between the King and her
husband for the sake of public unity.[3][41] Caroline wanted to regain
her three eldest daughters, who remained in the care of the King, and
thought the reconciliation would lead to their return, but
negotiations came to nothing. George Augustus came to believe that
Walpole had tricked him into the reconciliation as part of a scheme to
gain power. The prince was isolated politically when Walpole's Whigs
joined the government,[42] and Leicester House played host to literary
figures and wits, such as
John Arbuthnot
John Arbuthnot and Jonathan Swift, rather
than politicians.[43] Arbuthnot told Swift that Caroline had enjoyed
his Gulliver's Travels, particularly the tale of the crown prince who
wore one high-heel and one low-heel in a country where the King and
his party wore low heels, and the opposition wore high ones: a barely
veiled reference to the political leanings of the Prince of Wales.[44]
Caroline's intellect far outstripped her husband's, and she read
avidly. She established an extensive library at St. James's Palace. As
a young woman, she corresponded with Gottfried Leibniz, the
intellectual colossus who was courtier and factotum to the House of
Hanover. She later facilitated the Leibniz-Clarke correspondence,
arguably the most important philosophy of physics discussion of the
18th century. She helped to popularise the practice of variolation (an
early type of immunisation), which had been witnessed by Lady Mary
Wortley Montagu and Charles Maitland in Constantinople. At the
direction of Caroline, six condemned prisoners were offered the chance
to undergo variolation instead of execution: they all survived, as did
six orphan children given the same treatment as a further test.
Convinced of its medical value, Caroline had her children Amelia,
Caroline and Frederick inoculated against smallpox in the same
manner.[45] In praising her support for smallpox inoculation, Voltaire
wrote of her, "I must say that despite all her titles and crowns, this
princess was born to encourage the arts and the well-being of mankind;
even on the throne she is a benevolent philosopher; and she has never
lost an opportunity to learn or to manifest her generosity."[46]
Queen and regent[edit]
Official
Coronation
Coronation medal of Queen Caroline in 1727 by J. Croker
Portrait by Jacopo Amigoni, 1735
Caroline became queen consort on the death of her father-in-law in
1727, and she was crowned alongside her husband at Westminster Abbey
on 11 October that year.[47] She was the first queen consort to be
crowned since
Anne of Denmark
Anne of Denmark in 1603.[48] Though George II denounced
Walpole as a "rogue and rascal" over the terms of the reconciliation
with his father, Caroline advised her husband to retain Walpole as the
leading minister.[3] Walpole commanded a substantial majority in
Parliament and George II had little choice but to accept him or risk
ministerial instability.[49] Walpole secured a civil list payment of
£100,000 a year for Caroline, and she was given both Somerset House
and Richmond Lodge.[50] Courtier Lord Hervey called Walpole "the
Queen's minister" in recognition of their close relationship.[3] For
the next ten years, Caroline had immense influence. She persuaded the
King to adopt policies at the behest of Walpole, and persuaded Walpole
against taking inflammatory actions. Caroline had absorbed the liberal
opinions of her mentor, Queen Sophia Charlotte of Prussia, and
supported clemency for the Jacobites (supporters of the rival Stuart
claim to the throne), freedom of the press, and freedom of speech in
Parliament.[51]
Over the next few years, she and her husband fought a constant battle
against their eldest son, Frederick, Prince of Wales, who had been
left behind in Germany when they came to England. He joined the family
in 1728, by which time he was an adult, had mistresses and debts, and
was fond of gambling and practical jokes. He opposed his father's
political beliefs, and complained of his lack of influence in
government.[3][52] The Regency Act 1728 made Caroline rather than
Frederick regent when her husband was in
Hanover
Hanover for five months from
May 1729. During her regency, a diplomatic incident with Portugal
(where a British ship had been seized on the Tagus) was defused, and
the negotiation of the Treaty of Seville between Britain and Spain was
concluded.[52][53] From May 1732, she was regent for four months while
George II was again away in Hanover. An investigation into the penal
system uncovered widespread abuses, including cruel treatment and
conspiracy in the escape of wealthy convicts. Caroline pressed Walpole
for reform, largely unsuccessfully.[54] In March 1733, Walpole
introduced an unpopular excise bill to parliament, which the Queen
supported, but it gathered such strong opposition that it was
eventually dropped.[55]
Caroline's entire life in Britain was spent in the South-East of
England in or around London.[56] As queen, she continued to surround
herself with artists, writers and intellectuals. She collected
jewellery, especially cameos and intaglios, acquired important
portraits and miniatures, and enjoyed the visual arts. She
commissioned works such as terracotta busts of the kings and queens of
England from Michael Rysbrack,[57] and supervised a more naturalistic
design of the royal gardens by
William Kent
William Kent and Charles Bridgeman.[58]
In 1728, she rediscovered sets of sketches by
Leonardo da Vinci
Leonardo da Vinci and
Hans Holbein that had been hidden in a drawer since the reign of
William III.[59]
Caroline's eldest daughter Anne married
William IV of Orange
William IV of Orange in 1734,
and moved with her husband to the Netherlands. Caroline wrote to her
daughter of her "indescribable" sadness at the parting.[60] Anne soon
felt homesick, and travelled back to England when her husband went on
campaign. Eventually, her husband and father commanded her to return
to Holland.[61]
Final years[edit]
Portrait by Joseph Highmore, 1735
In mid-1735, Frederick, Prince of Wales, was further dismayed when
Caroline, rather than himself, again acted as regent while the King
was absent in Hanover.[62] The King and Queen arranged Frederick's
marriage, in 1736, to Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha. Shortly after
the wedding, George went to Hanover, and Caroline resumed her role as
"Protector of the Realm". As regent, Caroline considered the reprieve
of Captain John Porteous, who had been convicted of murder in
Edinburgh. Before she could act, a mob stormed the jail where he was
held and killed him. Caroline was appalled.[63] The King's absences
abroad were leading to unpopularity, and in late 1736 he made plans to
return, but his ship was caught in poor weather, and it was rumoured
that he had been lost at sea. Caroline was devastated, and disgusted
by the insensitivity of her son, who hosted a grand dinner while the
gale was blowing.[64] During her regency, the Prince of Wales
attempted to start a number of quarrels with his mother, whom he saw
as a useful proxy to irritate the King.[3] George eventually returned
in January 1737.[65]
Frederick applied to Parliament unsuccessfully for an increased
financial allowance that had hitherto been denied him by the King, and
public disagreement over the money drove a further wedge between
parents and son. On the advice of Walpole, Frederick's allowance was
raised in an attempt to mitigate further conflict, but by less than he
had asked.[66] In June 1737, Frederick informed his parents that
Augusta was pregnant, and due to give birth in October. In fact,
Augusta's due date was earlier and a peculiar episode followed in July
in which the prince, on discovering that his wife had gone into
labour, sneaked her out of
Hampton Court Palace
Hampton Court Palace in the middle of the
night, to ensure that the King and Queen could not be present at the
birth.[67] George and Caroline were horrified. Traditionally, royal
births were witnessed by members of the family and senior courtiers to
guard against supposititious children, and Augusta had been forced by
her husband to ride in a rattling carriage for an hour and a half
while heavily pregnant and in pain. With a party including two of her
daughters and Lord Hervey, the Queen raced over to St. James's Palace,
where Frederick had taken Augusta.[68] Caroline was relieved to
discover that Augusta had given birth to a "poor, ugly little
she-mouse" rather than a "large, fat, healthy boy" as the pitiful
nature of the baby made a supposititious child unlikely.[69] The
circumstances of the birth deepened the estrangement between mother
and son.[69] According to Lord Hervey, she once remarked after seeing
Frederick, "Look, there he goes—that wretch!—that villain!—I
wish the ground would open this moment and sink the monster to the
lowest hole in hell!"[3][70]
In the final years of her life, Caroline was troubled by gout in her
feet,[71] but more seriously she had suffered an umbilical hernia at
the birth of her final child in 1724.[72] On 9 November 1737, she felt
an intense pain and, after struggling through a formal reception, took
to her bed. Part of her small intestine had poked through the hernia
opening.[73] Over the next few days she was bled, purged, and operated
on, without anaesthetic, but there was no improvement in her
condition.[74] The King refused Frederick permission to see his
mother,[75] a decision with which she complied; she sent her son a
message of forgiveness through Walpole.[76] She asked her husband to
remarry after her death, which he rejected saying he would take only
mistresses; she replied "Ah, mon Dieu, cela n'empêche pas" ("My God,
that doesn't prevent it").[77] On 17 November, her strangulated bowel
burst.[78][79] She died on 20 November 1737 at St. James's Palace.[2]
She was buried in
Westminster Abbey
Westminster Abbey on 17 December.[80] Frederick was
not invited to the funeral.
George Frideric Handel
George Frideric Handel composed an anthem
for the occasion, The Ways of Zion Do Mourn / Funeral Anthem for Queen
Caroline. The King arranged for a pair of matching coffins with
removable sides, so that when he followed her to the grave (23 years
later), they could lie together again.[81]
Legacy[edit]
Memorial to Caroline on the bank of the Serpentine, a picturesque lake
in
London
London created at her request
Caroline was widely mourned. The Protestants lauded her moral example,
and even the Jacobites acknowledged her compassion, and her
intervention on the side of mercy for their compatriots.[82] During
her lifetime her refusal to convert when offered the hand of Archduke
Charles was used to portray her as a strong adherent to
Protestantism.[3] For example,
John Gay
John Gay wrote of Caroline in A Letter
to A Lady (1714):
The pomp of titles easy faith might shake, She scorn'd an empire for religion's sake: For this, on earth, the British crown is giv'n, And an immortal crown decreed in heav'n.
She was widely seen by both the public and the court as having great influence over her husband.[83] A satirical verse of the period went:[84]
You may strut, dapper George, but 'twill all be in vain, We all know 'tis Queen Caroline, not you, that reign – You govern no more than Don Philip of Spain. Then if you would have us fall down and adore you, Lock up your fat spouse, as your dad did before you.
The memoirs of the eighteenth century, particularly those of John,
Lord Hervey, fed perceptions that Caroline and Walpole governed her
husband.
Peter Quennell
Peter Quennell wrote that Hervey was the "chronicler of this
remarkable coalition" and that she was Hervey's "heroine".[85] Using
such sources, biographers of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries
credit her with aiding the establishment of the House of
Hanover
Hanover in
Britain, in the face of Jacobite opposition. R. L. Arkell wrote "by
her acumen and geniality, [Caroline] ensured the dynasty's rooting
itself in England", and
W. H. Wilkins said her "gracious and dignified
personality, her lofty ideals and pure life did much to counteract the
unpopularity of her husband and father-in-law, and redeem the early
Georgian era from utter grossness."[86] Although modern historians
tend to believe that Hervey, Wilkins and Arkell have overestimated her
importance, it is nevertheless probable that Caroline of
Ansbach
Ansbach was
one of the most influential consorts in British history.[3]
Titles, styles, honours and arms[edit]
Queen Caroline's coat of arms: the royal arms of the United Kingdom (dexter) impaling her father's arms
Titles and styles[edit]
1683–1705: Her Serene Highness[87] Princess Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach 1705–1714: Her Serene Highness The Electoral Princess of Hanover[88] 1714–1727: Her Royal Highness The Princess of Wales[89] 1727–1737: Her Majesty The Queen[90]
Honours[edit] Caroline County in the British Colony of Virginia was named in her honour when it was formed in 1727.[91] Arms[edit] The royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom are impaled with those of her father, John Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach. The arms of her father were quarterly of fifteen, 1st, per fess gules and argent, within a bordure counter-changed of the same (for Magdeburg); 2nd, argent, an eagle displayed sable, crowned or; 3rd, or, a griffin segreant gules, crowned; 4th and 5th, argent, a griffin segreant gules; 6th, or, a griffin segreant sable; 7th, argent, an eagle displayed sable (for Crossen); 8th, per pale argent and gules within a bordure counter-changed of the same (for Halberstadt); 9th, argent, an eagle displayed sable; 10th, or, a lion rampant sable, crowned, within a bordure goboné argent and gules (for Nuremberg); 11th, gules, two keys in saltire or (for Minden); 12th, quarterly argent and sable (for Hohenzollern); 13th, the field gules, the figure argent; 14th, per fess gules and argent; 15th, plain field of gules (for right of regalia); overall an inescutcheon, argent, an eagle displayed gules (for Brandenburg).[92]
Issue[edit] Caroline's ten pregnancies resulted in eight live births, of whom one died in infancy, and seven lived to adulthood.[93]
Name Birth Death Notes
Frederick, Prince of Wales 000000001707-02-01-00001 February 1707 000000001751-03-31-000031 March 1751 married 1736, Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha; had issue, including the future George III
Anne, Princess Royal 000000001709-11-02-00002 November 1709 000000001759-01-12-000012 January 1759 married 1734, William IV, Prince of Orange; had issue
Princess Amelia 000000001711-06-10-000010 June 1711 000000001786-10-31-000031 October 1786
Princess Caroline 000000001713-06-10-000010 June 1713 000000001757-12-28-000028 December 1757
Stillborn son 000000001716-11-20-000020 November 1716 000000001716-11-20-000020 November 1716
Prince George William 000000001717-11-13-000013 November 1717 000000001718-02-17-000017 February 1718 died in infancy
Miscarriage 000000001718-02-01-0000February 1718 000000001718-02-01-0000February 1718
Prince William, Duke of Cumberland 000000001721-04-26-000026 April 1721 000000001765-10-31-000031 October 1765
Princess Mary 000000001723-03-05-00005 March 1723 000000001772-01-14-000014 January 1772 married 1740, Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel; had issue
Princess Louisa 000000001724-12-18-000018 December 1724 000000001751-12-19-000019 December 1751 married 1743, Frederick V, King of Denmark and Norway; had issue
Dates in this table are New Style
Ancestry[edit]
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Ancestors of Caroline of Ansbach
8. Joachim Ernst, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach
4. Albrecht, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach
9. Countess Sophie of Solms-Laubach
2. John Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach[2]
10. Joachim Ernst, Count of Oettingen-Oettingen
5. Countess Sophia Margaret of Oettingen-Oettingen
11. Countess Anna Sibylla of Solms-Sonnenwalde
1. Caroline of Ansbach
12. William, Duke of Saxe-Weimar
6. John George I, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach[2]
13. Princess Eleonore Dorothea of Anhalt-Dessau
3. Princess Eleonore Erdmuthe of Saxe-Eisenach
14. Ernest, Count of Sayn-Wittgenstein
7. Countess Johannetta of Sayn-Wittgenstein
15. Countess Louisa Juliana of Erbach
Notes[edit]
^ a b Over the course of Caroline's life, two calendars were used: the
Old Style
Julian calendar
Julian calendar and the New Style Gregorian calendar.
Hanover
Hanover switched from the Julian to the
Gregorian calendar
Gregorian calendar on 19
February (Old Style) / 1 March (New Style) 1700. Great Britain
switched on 3/14 September 1752, after Caroline's death. Unless
otherwise indicated, dates before September 1752 are Old Style. All
dates after September 1752 are New Style. All years are assumed to
start from 1 January and not 25 March, which was the English New Year.
^ a b c d e Weir, pp. 277–278.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Taylor.
^ Arkell, p. 5.
^ Arkell, p. 6; Van der Kiste, p. 12.
^ Arkell, p. 6; Hichens, p. 19.
^ Arkell, pp. 6–7.
^ a b Hichens, p. 19.
^ a b Van der Kiste, p. 13.
^ Hanham, p. 279.
^ Arkell, p. 18.
^ Arkell, pp. 9–13.
^ a b Van der Kiste, p. 14.
^ Arkell, p. 18; Fryer et al., p. 33; Hichens, p. 19; Van der Kiste,
p. 15.
^ Hanham, p. 281.
^ Hanoverian envoy Baron Philipp Adam von Eltz, quoted in Quennell, p.
19.
^ Arkell, p. 19; Van der Kiste, p. 15.
^ a b c Fryer et al., p. 33.
^ Van der Kiste, p. 17.
^ Van der Kiste, pp. 18–19.
^ Arkell, pp. 38–39; Van der Kiste, p. 21.
^ a b c Fryer et al., p. 34.
^ a b Hichens, p. 21.
^ Arkell, pp. 70, 149.
^ Fryer et al., p. 36.
^ Van der Kiste, p. 30.
^ Van der Kiste, p. 28.
^ Arkell, p. 57.
^ Arkell, pp. 64–66; Van der Kiste, p. 36.
^ Arkell, p. 67; Hanham, p. 285; Van der Kiste, p. 38.
^ Hanham, p. 284.
^ Fryer et al., p. 34; Hanham, pp. 286–287.
^ Van der Kiste, p. 60.
^ Arkell, p. 102.
^ Hanham, p. 289; Hichens, p. 23.
^ Arkell, pp. 102–105; Van der Kiste, p. 64.
^ Van der Kiste, p. 66.
^ Van der Kiste, p. 67.
^ Arkell, p. 112; Van der Kiste, p. 68.
^ Fryer et al., p. 37.
^ Quennell, pp. 79–81; Van der Kiste, pp. 72–73.
^ Arkell, pp. 125–126.
^ Arkell, pp. 135–136.
^ Arkell, p. 136; Van der Kiste, p. 82.
^ Arkell, pp. 133–135; Van der Kiste, p. 83.
^ Voltaire's "Eleventh Letter: On
Smallpox
Smallpox Inoculation" in
Philosophical Letters, Or Letters Regarding the English Nation
(1733/4).
^ Hanham, p. 292; Weir, pp. 277–278.
^ Arkell, p. 154.
^ Black, pp. 29–31, 53 and 61.
^ Arkell, p. 147; Van der Kiste, p. 93.
^ Van der Kiste, pp. 104–105.
^ a b Van der Kiste, p. 119.
^ Arkell, pp. 167–169.
^ Van der Kiste, pp. 126–127.
^ Arkell, pp. 197–203.
^ Arkell, p. 67; Van der Kiste, p. 41.
^ Van der Kiste, p. 124.
^ Arkell, pp. 247–249; Van der Kiste, pp. 101–102.
^ Arkell, p. 245; Van der Kiste, p. 123.
^ Arkell, p. 212; Van der Kiste, p. 134.
^ Van der Kiste, pp. 135–136.
^ Van der Kiste, pp. 139–140.
^ Arkell, pp. 258–259; Van der Kiste, p. 148.
^ Quennell, pp. 285–288; Van der Kiste, pp. 150–152.
^ Arkell, p. 264; Quennell, p. 291; Van der Kiste, p. 52.
^ Arkell, pp. 272–274; Van der Kiste, p. 154.
^ Arkell, p. 279; Van der Kiste, p. 155.
^ Arkell, p. 278; Van der Kiste, p. 156.
^ a b Van der Kiste, p. 157.
^ Quennell, p. 295.
^ Arkell, pp. 229–230; Van der Kiste, p. 108.
^ Arkell, p. 225; Van der Kiste, p. 136.
^ Lucy Worsley, "The First Georgians The German Kings Who Made
Britain", BBC Documentary 2014
^ Van der Kiste, pp. 161–163.
^ Arkell, p. 289; Van der Kiste, p. 161.
^ Arkell, p. 289; Van der Kiste, p. 162.
^ Arkell, pp. 290–291; Quennell, p. 323; Van der Kiste, p. 162.
^ Jones, Emrys D. (2011). "Royal ruptures: Caroline of
Ansbach
Ansbach and the
politics of illness in the 1730s". Medical Humanities. 37 (1):
13–17. doi:10.1136/jmh.2010.005819. PMID 21593245.
^ The circumstances of Caroline's death led Alexander Pope, an
opponent of the court and Walpole, to write the epigram: "Here lies,
wrapt up in forty thousand towels; the only proof that Caroline had
bowels." (Warton, p. 308).
^ "George II and Caroline". Westminster Abbey.
^ Van der Kiste, p. 164.
^ Van der Kiste, p. 165.
^ Arkell, p. 149; Van der Kiste, p. 102.
^ Arkell, p. 149; Quennell, pp. 165–166.
^ Quennell, pp. 168–170.
^ Quoted in Van der Kiste, p. 165.
^ e.g. Letter to Caroline from a Viennese bishop, quoted in Arkell, p.
8.
^ e.g. Arkell, pp. 27 ff.
^ e.g. copies of
London
London Gazette, 1714–1727.
^ e.g. Letter from
Berlin
Berlin to Prussian envoy Wallenrodt, 7 October
1727, quoted in Arkell, p. 160.
^ Wingfield, p. 1.
^ Boutell, pp. 245–246; Willement, p. 104.
^ Weir, pp. 277–285.
Sources[edit]
Arkell, R. L. (1939). Caroline of Ansbach. London: Oxford University
Press.
Black, Jeremy (2001). Walpole in Power. Stroud, Gloucestershire:
Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-2523-X.
Boutell, Charles (2010) [1863]. A Manual of Heraldry, Historical and
Popular. London: Windsor and Newton. pp. 245–246.
ISBN 1-153-77482-8.
Fryer, M.; Fryer, Mary Beacock; Bousfield, Arthur; Toffoli, Garry
(1983). Lives of the Princesses of Wales. Toronto: Dundern Press
Limited. ISBN 978-0-919670-69-3.
Hanham, Andrew (2004). "Caroline of Brandenburg-
Ansbach
Ansbach and the
'anglicisation' of the House of Hanover". In Campbell Orr, Clarissa.
Queenship in Europe 1660–1815: The Role of the Consort. Cambridge
University Press. pp. 276–299. ISBN 0-521-81422-7.
Hichens, Mark (2006). Wives of the Kings of England, From
Hanover
Hanover to
Windsor. London: Peter Owen Publishers. ISBN 0-7206-1271-3.
Quennell, Peter (1939). Caroline of England. London: Collins.
Taylor, Stephen. "Caroline (1683–1737)". Oxford Dictionary of
National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press.
doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/4720. (Subscription or UK public library
membership required.)
Van der Kiste, John (1997). George II and Queen Caroline. Stroud,
Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-1321-5.
Warton, Joseph, ed. (1797). The Works of Alexander Pope, Esq. 4.
London: B. Law et al.
Weir, Alison (2008). Britain's Royal Families, The Complete Genealogy.
London: Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-09-953973-5.
Willement, Thomas (1821). Regal Heraldry. London: W. Wilson.
ASIN B000OKQJTM.
Wingfield, Marshall (1924). A History of Caroline County, Virginia.
Richmond, Virginia: Trewet Christian.
Further reading[edit]
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Caroline". Encyclopædia Britannica. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. Gerrard, Christine (2002). "Queens-in-waiting: Caroline of Anspach and Augusta of Saxe-Gotha as Princesses of Wales". In Campbell Orr, Clarissa. Queenship in Britain, 1660–1837: Royal Patronage, Court Culture and Dynastic Politics. Manchester University Press. pp. 142–161. ISBN 0-7190-5770-1. Marschner, Joanna (2002). "Queen Caroline of Anspach and the European museum princely tradition". In Campbell Orr, Clarissa. Queenship in Britain, 1660–1837: Royal Patronage, Court Culture and Dynastic Politics. Manchester University Press. pp. 130–142. ISBN 0-7190-5770-1. Ward, Adolphus William (1887). "Caroline (1683-1737)". In Stephen, Leslie. Dictionary of National Biography. 9. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
External links[edit]
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Caroline of
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London
Caroline of Ansbach House of Hohenzollern Born: 1 March 1683 Died: 20 November 1737
Royal titles
Vacant
Title last held by
George of Denmark
as consort
Queen consort
Queen consort of Great Britain and Ireland
1727–1737
Vacant
Title next held by
Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
Vacant Title last held by Sophia of the Palatinate Electress consort of Hanover 1727–1737
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George of Denmark
George of Denmark (1707–1708)
Caroline of
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Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (1761–1818)
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Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (1936–1952)
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v t e
British princesses by marriage
1st generation
Princess Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach
2nd generation
Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha
3rd generation
Maria Waldegrave Anne Horton
4th generation
Duchess Caroline of Brunswick Princess Frederica Charlotte of Prussia Princess Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld Duchess Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel The Princess Mary*
5th generation
Princess Marie of Saxe-Altenburg
6th generation
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7th generation
Princess Mary of Teck Princess Alexandra, 2nd Duchess of Fife* Princess Victoria Adelaide of Schleswig-Holstein Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia
8th generation
Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon Lady Alice Montagu Douglas Scott Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark
9th generation
Birgitte van Deurs Katharine Worsley Baroness Marie Christine von Reibnitz
10th generation
Lady Diana Spencer Camilla Parker Bowles Sarah Ferguson Sophie Rhys-Jones
11th generation
Catherine Middleton
* also a
British princess
British princess in her own right
v t e
Princesses of Wales and Duchesses of Cornwall
Joan, Countess of Kent (1361–1376)
Lady Cecily Neville (1460; disputed)
Lady
Anne Neville
Anne Neville (1470–1471)
Infanta
Catherine of Aragon
Catherine of Aragon (1501–1502)
Princess Caroline of
Ansbach
Ansbach (1714–1727)
Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha
Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha (1736–1751)
Princess
Caroline of Brunswick
Caroline of Brunswick (1795–1820)
Princess
Alexandra of Denmark
Alexandra of Denmark (1863–1901)
Princess
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Mary of Teck (1901–1910)
Lady Diana Spencer (1981–1996)
Camilla Parker Bowles* (2005–present)
* does not use the title Princess of Wales
v t e
Duchesses of Rothesay
Marjorie Douglas (1400–1402)
Princess Caroline of
Ansbach
Ansbach (1714–1727)
Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha
Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha (1736–1751)
Princess
Caroline of Brunswick
Caroline of Brunswick (1795–1820)
Princess
Alexandra of Denmark
Alexandra of Denmark (1863–1901)
Princess
Mary of Teck
Mary of Teck (1901–1910)
Lady Diana Spencer (1981–1996)
Camilla Parker Bowles (2005–present)
v t e
Duchesses of Cambridge
Princess Caroline of
Ansbach
Ansbach (1705–1727)
Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel
Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel (1818–1889)
Catherine Middleton (2011–present)
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WorldCat Identities VIAF: 59202141 LCCN: n85097005 ISNI: 0000 0001 1755 1261 GND: 11887036X SELIBR: 213525 SUDOC: 035012692 BNF: cb125701648 (data) ULAN: 500249