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Contents
1 Definition 2 Onomastics and etymology 3 History
3.1 Prehistory 3.2 Ancient Near East (Bronze and Iron Ages)
3.2.1
Hattians
Hattians and Hurrians
3.2.2 Assyrian Empire (21st–18th centuries BC)
3.2.3 Hittite Kingdom and Empire (17th–12th centuries BC)
3.2.4 Neo-Hittite kingdoms (c. 1180–700 BC)
3.2.5
Neo-Assyrian Empire
Neo-Assyrian Empire (10th–7th centuries BC)
3.2.6
Cimmerian
Cimmerian and Scythian invasions (8th–7th centuries BC)
3.2.7 Greek West
3.3 Classical antiquity 3.4 Early Christian period 3.5 Islamic rule 3.6 Ottoman Empire 3.7 Modern times
4 Geography
4.1 Geology 4.2 Climate 4.3 Ecoregions
5 Demographics 6 Cuisine 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 Further reading 11 External links
Definition[edit] Further information: Geographical name changes in Turkey
The location of
Turkey
Turkey (within the rectangle) in reference to the
European continent.
Anatolia
Anatolia roughly corresponds to the Asian part of
Turkey, except the eastern parts historically known as the Armenian
Highlands
1907 map of
Asia
Asia Minor, showing the local ancient kingdoms. The map
includes the East
Aegean Islands
Aegean Islands and the island of
Cyprus
Cyprus to
Anatolia's continental shelf.
The Anatolian peninsula, also called
Asia
Asia Minor, is bounded by the
Black Sea
Black Sea to the north, the
Mediterranean Sea
Mediterranean Sea to the south, the Aegean
Sea to the west, and the
Sea of Marmara
Sea of Marmara to the northwest, which
separates
Anatolia
Anatolia from
Thrace
Thrace in Europe.
Traditionally,
Anatolia
Anatolia is considered to extend in the east to an
indefinite line running from the
Gulf of Alexandretta
Gulf of Alexandretta to the Black
Sea, coterminous with the Anatolian Plateau. This traditional
geographical definition is used, for example, in the latest edition of
Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary,[1] as well as the
archeological community.[2] Under this definition,
Anatolia
Anatolia is bounded
to the east by the Armenian Highlands, and the
Euphrates
Euphrates before that
river bends to the southeast to enter Mesopotamia.[2] To the
southeast, it is bounded by the ranges that separate it from the
Orontes valley in
Syria
Syria (region) and the Mesopotamian plain.[2]
Following the
Armenian Genocide
Armenian Genocide and establishment of the Republic of
Turkey, the
Armenian Highlands
Armenian Highlands (or Western Armenia) were renamed
"Eastern Anatolia" (literally The Eastern East) by the Turkish
government,[8][9] being effectively co-terminous with Asian Turkey.
Turkey's First Geography Congress in 1941 created two regions to the
east of the Gulf of Iskenderun-
Black Sea
Black Sea line named the Eastern
Anatolia
Anatolia Region and the Southeastern
Anatolia
Anatolia Region,[10] the former
largely corresponding to the western part of the Armenian Highland,
the latter to the northern part of the Mesopotamian plain. This wider
definition of
Anatolia
Anatolia has gained widespread currency outside of
Turkey
Turkey and has, for instance, been adopted by Encyclopædia
Britannica[11] and other encyclopedic and general reference
publications.[12] Vazken Davidian terms the expanded use of "Anatolia"
to apply to territory formerly referred to as
Armenia
Armenia as "an
historical imposition", and notes that a growing body of literature is
uncomfortable with referring to the Ottoman East as "Eastern
Anatolia".[13]
Onomastics and etymology[edit]
The oldest known reference to
Anatolia
Anatolia – as “Land of the Hatti”
– appears on Mesopotamian cuneiform tablets from the period of the
Akkadian Empire
Akkadian Empire (2350–2150 BC).[citation needed] The first recorded
name the
Greeks
Greeks used for the Anatolian peninsula, Ἀσία
(Asía),[14] presumably echoed the name of the
Assuwa league in
western Anatolia.[citation needed] As the name "Asia" broadened its
scope to apply to other areas east of the Mediterranean,
Greeks
Greeks in
Late Antiquity
Late Antiquity came to use the name Μικρὰ Ἀσία (Mikrá
Asía) or
Asia
Asia Minor, meaning "Lesser Asia" to refer to present-day
Anatolia.
The English-language name
Anatolia
Anatolia itself derives from the Greek
ἀνατολή (anatolḗ) meaning “the East” or more literally
“sunrise” (comparable to the Latin-derived terms “levant” and
“orient”).[15][16] The precise reference of this term has varied
over time, perhaps originally referring to the Aeolian, Ionian and
Dorian colonies on the west coast of
Asia
Asia Minor. In the Byzantine
Empire, the
Anatolic Theme
Anatolic Theme (Aνατολικόν θέμα) was a theme
covering the western and central parts of Turkey's present-day Central
Anatolia
Anatolia Region.[17][18] The modern Turkish form of Anatolia, Anadolu,
derives from the Greek name Aνατολή (Anatolḗ). The Russian
male name
Anatoly
Anatoly and the French Anatole share the same linguistic
origin.
In English the name of
Turkey
Turkey for ancient
Anatolia
Anatolia first appeared c.
1369. It derives from the
Medieval Latin
Medieval Latin Turchia (meaning “Land of
the Turks”, Turkish Türkiye), a name originally used by Europeans
to designate those parts of
Anatolia
Anatolia controlled by the Seljuk
Sultanate of Rum
Sultanate of Rum after the
Battle of Manzikert
Battle of Manzikert (1071).[citation
needed]
History[edit]
Main article: History of Anatolia
Prehistory[edit]
Main article: Prehistory of Anatolia
Mural of aurochs, a deer, and humans in Çatalhöyük, which is the
largest and best-preserved
Neolithic
Neolithic site found to date. It was
registered as a
UNESCO World Heritage Site
UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2012.[19]
Human habitation in
Anatolia
Anatolia dates back to the Paleolithic.[20]
Neolithic
Neolithic
Anatolia
Anatolia has been proposed as the homeland of the
Indo-European language family, although linguists tend to favour a
later origin in the steppes north of the Black Sea. However, it is
clear that the Anatolian languages, the oldest attested branch of
Indo-European, have been spoken in
Anatolia
Anatolia since at least the 19th
century BC.[citation needed]
Ancient Near East (Bronze and Iron Ages)[edit]
Hattians
Hattians and Hurrians[edit]
The earliest historical records of
Anatolia
Anatolia stem from the southeast of
the region and are from the Mesopotamian-based
Akkadian Empire
Akkadian Empire during
the reign of
Sargon of Akkad
Sargon of Akkad in the 24th century BC. Scholars
generally believe the earliest indigenous populations of
Anatolia
Anatolia were
the
Hattians
Hattians and Hurrians. The
Hattians
Hattians spoke a language of unclear
affiliation, and the
Hurrian language
Hurrian language belongs to a small family called
Hurro-Urartian, all these languages now being extinct; relationships
with indigenous languages of the
Caucasus
Caucasus have been proposed[21] but
are not generally accepted. The region was famous for exporting raw
materials, and areas of Hattian- and Hurrian-populated southeast
Anatolia
Anatolia were colonised by the Akkadians.[22]
Assyrian Empire (21st–18th centuries BC)[edit]
After the fall of the
Akkadian Empire
Akkadian Empire in the mid-21st century BC, the
Assyrians, who were the northern branch of the Akkadian people,
colonised parts of the region between the 21st and mid-18th centuries
BC and claimed its resources, notably silver. One of the numerous
cuneiform records dated circa 20th century BC, found in
Anatolia
Anatolia at
the Assyrian colony of Kanesh, uses an advanced system of trading
computations and credit lines.[22]
Hittite Kingdom and Empire (17th–12th centuries BC)[edit]
Main article: History of the Hittites
The Lion Gate at Hattusa, capital of the Hittite Empire. The city's history dates to before 2000 BC.
Unlike the Akkadians and their descendants, the Assyrians, whose
Anatolian possessions were peripheral to their core lands in
Mesopotamia, the
Hittites
Hittites were centred at
Hattusa
Hattusa (modern Boğazkale)
in north-central
Anatolia
Anatolia by the 17th century BC. They were speakers
of an Indo-European language, the Hittite language, or nesili (the
language of Nesa) in Hittite. Attested for the first time in the
Assyrian tablets of Nesa around 2000BC, they conquered
Hattusa
Hattusa in the
18th century BC, imposing themselves over Hattian- and
Hurrian-speaking populations. According to the widely accepted Kurgan
theory on the Proto-Indo-European homeland, however, the Hittites
(along with the other Indo-European ancient Anatolians) were
themselves relatively recent immigrants to
Anatolia
Anatolia from the north.
The
Hittites
Hittites adopted the cuneiform script, invented in Mesopotamia.
During the Late Bronze Age circa 1650 BC, they created a kingdom, the
Hittite New Kingdom, which became an empire in the 14th century BC
after the conquest of
Kizzuwatna
Kizzuwatna in the south-east and the defeat of
the
Assuwa league in western Anatolia. The empire reached its height
in the 13th century BC, controlling much of
Asia
Asia Minor, northwestern
Syria
Syria and northwest upper Mesopotamia. They failed to reach the
Anatolian coasts of the Black Sea, however, as a non-Indo-European
people, the semi-nomadic pastoralist and tribal Kaskians, had
established themselves there, displacing earlier Palaic-speaking
Indo-Europeans.[23] Much of the history of the Hittite Empire
concerned war with the rival empires of Egypt,
Assyria
Assyria and the
Mitanni.[24]
The
Egyptians
Egyptians eventually withdrew from the region after failing to
gain the upper hand over the
Hittites
Hittites and becoming wary of the power
of Assyria, which had destroyed the
Mitanni
Mitanni Empire.[24] The Assyrians
and
Hittites
Hittites were then left to battle over control of eastern and
southern
Anatolia
Anatolia and colonial territories in Syria. The Assyrians had
better success than the Egyptians, annexing much Hittite (and Hurrian)
territory in these regions.[25]
Neo-Hittite kingdoms (c. 1180–700 BC)[edit]
After 1180 BC, during the Late Bronze Age collapse, the Hittite empire
disintegrated into several independent
Syro-Hittite
Syro-Hittite states, subsequent
to losing much territory to the
Middle Assyrian Empire
Middle Assyrian Empire and being
finally overrun by the Phrygians, another Indo-European people who are
believed to have migrated from the Balkans. The Phrygian expansion
into southeast
Anatolia
Anatolia was eventually halted by the Assyrians, who
controlled that region.[25]
Arameans
Arameans
Arameans encroached over the borders of south central
Anatolia
Anatolia in the
century or so after the fall of the Hittite empire, and some of the
Syro-Hittite states
Syro-Hittite states in this region became an amalgam of
Hittites
Hittites and
Arameans. These became known as
Syro-Hittite
Syro-Hittite states.
Luwians
Lycian rock cut tombs of
Kaunos
Kaunos (Dalyan)
In central and western Anatolia, another Indo-European people, the
Luwians, came to the fore, circa 2000 BC. Their language was closely
related to Hittite.[26] The general consensus amongst scholars is that
Luwian was spoken—to a greater or lesser degree—across a large
area of western Anatolia, including (possibly)
Wilusa (Troy), the Seha
River Land (to be identified with the Hermos and/or Kaikos valley),
and the kingdom of Mira-Kuwaliya with its core territory of the
Maeander valley.[27] From the 9th century BC, Luwian regions coalesced
into a number of states such as Lydia,
Caria
Caria and Lycia, all of which
had Hellenic influence.
Neo-Assyrian Empire
Neo-Assyrian Empire (10th–7th centuries BC)[edit]
From the 10th to late 7th centuries BC, much of
Anatolia
Anatolia (particularly
the east, central, and southeastern regions) fell to the Neo-Assyrian
Empire, including all of the
Syro-Hittite
Syro-Hittite states, Tabal, Kingdom of
Commagene, the
Cimmerians
Cimmerians and
Scythians
Scythians and swathes of Cappadocia.
The Neo-Assyrian empire collapsed due to a bitter series of civil wars
followed by a combined attack by Medes, Persians,
Scythians
Scythians and their
own Babylonian relations. The last Assyrian city to fall was
Harran
Harran in
southeast Anatolia. This city was the birthplace of the last king of
Babylon, the Assyrian
Nabonidus
Nabonidus and his son and regent Belshazzar.
Much of the region then fell to the short-lived Iran-based Median
Empire, with the Babylonians and
Scythians
Scythians briefly appropriating some
territory.
Cimmerian
Cimmerian and Scythian invasions (8th–7th centuries BC)[edit]
From the late 8th century BC, a new wave of Indo-European-speaking
raiders entered northern and northeast Anatolia: the
Cimmerians
Cimmerians and
Scythians. The
Cimmerians
Cimmerians overran
Phrygia
Phrygia and the
Scythians
Scythians threatened
to do the same to Urartu and Lydia, before both were finally checked
by the Assyrians.
Greek West[edit]
The north-western coast of
Anatolia
Anatolia was inhabited by
Greeks
Greeks of the
Achaean/Mycenaean culture from the 20th century BC, related to the
Greeks
Greeks of south eastern
Europe
Europe and the Aegean.[28] Beginning with the
Bronze Age collapse
Bronze Age collapse at the end of the 2nd millennium BC, the west
coast of
Anatolia
Anatolia was settled by Ionian Greeks, usurping the area of
the related but earlier Mycenaean Greeks. Over several centuries,
numerous Ancient Greek city-states were established on the coasts of
Anatolia.
Greeks
Greeks started Western philosophy on the western coast of
Anatolia
Anatolia (Pre-Socratic philosophy).[28]
Classical antiquity[edit]
Ancient regions of
Anatolia
Anatolia (500 BC)
Asia
Asia Minor in the Greco-Roman period. The classical regions and their
main settlements
Asia
Asia Minor in the early 2nd century AD. The Roman provinces under
Trajan.
The temple of
Athena
Athena (funded by Alexander the Great) in the ancient
Greek city of Priene
In classical antiquity,
Anatolia
Anatolia was described by
Herodotus
Herodotus and later
historians as divided into regions named after tribes such as Lydia,
Lycia, Caria, Mysia, Bithynia, Phrygia, Galatia, Lycaonia, Pisidia,
Paphlagonia, Cilicia, and Cappadocia. By that time, the populations
were a mixture of the ancient Anatolian or "Syro-Hittite" substrate
and post-Bronze-Age-collapse "Thraco-Phrygian" and more recent
Greco-Macedonian incursions.
The Dying Galatian was a famous statue commissioned some time between
230–220 BC by King Attalos I of
Pergamon
Pergamon to honor his victory over
the Celtic Galatians in Anatolia.
Anatolia
Anatolia is known as the birthplace of minted coinage (as opposed to
unminted coinage, which first appears in
Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia at a much earlier
date) as a medium of exchange, some time in the 7th century BC in
Lydia. The use of minted coins continued to flourish during the Greek
and Roman eras.[29][30]
During the 6th century BC, all of
Anatolia
Anatolia was conquered by the
Persian Achaemenid Empire, the Persians having usurped the
Medes
Medes as
the dominant dynasty in Iran. In 499 BC, the Ionian city-states on the
west coast of
Anatolia
Anatolia rebelled against Persian rule. The Ionian
Revolt, as it became known, though quelled, initiated the
Greco-Persian Wars, which ended in a Greek victory in 449 BC, and the
Ionian cities regained their independence, alongside the withdrawal of
the Persian forces from their European territories.
In 334 BC, the Macedonian Greek king
Alexander the Great
Alexander the Great conquered the
peninsula from the Achaemenid Persian Empire.[31] Alexander's conquest
opened up the interior of
Asia
Asia Minor to Greek settlement and
influence.
Sanctuary of
Commagene
Commagene Kings on
Mount Nemrut
Mount Nemrut (1st century BC)
Following the death of Alexander and the breakup of his empire,
Anatolia
Anatolia was ruled by a series of Hellenistic kingdoms, such as the
Attalids of Pergamum and the Seleucids, the latter controlling most of
Anatolia. A period of peaceful
Hellenization
Hellenization followed, such that the
local
Anatolian languages
Anatolian languages had been supplanted by Greek by the 1st
century BC. In 133 BC the last Attalid king bequeathed his kingdom to
the Roman Republic, and western and central
Anatolia
Anatolia came under Roman
control, but
Hellenistic culture
Hellenistic culture remained predominant. Further
annexations by Rome, in particular of the
Kingdom of Pontus
Kingdom of Pontus by Pompey,
brought all of
Anatolia
Anatolia under Roman control, except for the eastern
frontier with the Parthian Empire, which remained unstable for
centuries, causing a series of wars, culminating in the Roman-Parthian
Wars.
Early Christian period[edit]
After the division of the Roman Empire,
Anatolia
Anatolia became part of the
East Roman, or Byzantine Empire.
Anatolia
Anatolia was one of the first places
where Christianity spread, so that by the 4th century AD, western and
central
Anatolia
Anatolia were overwhelmingly Christian and Greek-speaking. For
the next 600 years, while Imperial possessions in
Europe
Europe were
subjected to barbarian invasions,
Anatolia
Anatolia would be the center of the
Hellenic world. Byzantine control was challenged by Arab raids
starting in the eighth century (see Arab–Byzantine wars), but in the
ninth and tenth century a resurgent
Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Empire regained its lost
territories, including even long lost territory such as
Armenia
Armenia and
Syria
Syria (ancient Aram).
Islamic rule[edit]
Byzantine Anatolia
Byzantine Anatolia and the Byzantine-Arab frontier zone in the mid-9th
century
Beyliks and other states around Anatolia, c. 1300.
In the 10 years following the
Battle of Manzikert
Battle of Manzikert in 1071, the Seljuk
Turks from Central
Asia
Asia migrated over large areas of Anatolia, with
particular concentrations around the northwestern rim.[32] The Turkish
language and the Islamic religion were gradually introduced as a
result of the Seljuk conquest, and this period marks the start of
Anatolia's slow transition from predominantly Christian and
Greek-speaking, to predominantly Muslim and Turkish-speaking (although
ethnic groups such as Armenians, Greeks, and Assyrians remained
numerous and retained Christianity and their native languages). In the
following century, the Byzantines managed to reassert their control in
western and northern Anatolia. Control of
Anatolia
Anatolia was then split
between the
Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Empire and the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm, with
the Byzantine holdings gradually being reduced.[33]
In 1255, the
Mongols
Mongols swept through eastern and central Anatolia, and
would remain until 1335. The
Ilkhanate
Ilkhanate garrison was stationed near
Ankara.[33][34] After the decline of the
Ilkhanate
Ilkhanate from 1335–1353,
the
Mongol
Mongol Empire's legacy in the region was the Uyghur Eretna Dynasty
that was overthrown by
Kadi Burhan al-Din
Kadi Burhan al-Din in 1381.[35]
By the end of the 14th century, most of
Anatolia
Anatolia was controlled by
various Anatolian beyliks. Smyrna fell in 1330, and the last Byzantine
stronghold in Anatolia, Philadelphia, fell in 1390. The Turkmen
Beyliks were under the control of the Mongols, at least nominally,
through declining Seljuk sultans.[36][37] The Beyliks did not mint
coins in the names of their own leaders while they remained under the
suzerainty of the
Mongol
Mongol Ilkhanids.[38] The
Osmanli
Osmanli ruler
Osman I
Osman I was
the first Turkish ruler who minted coins in his own name in 1320s, for
it bears the legend "Minted by Osman son of Ertugul".[39] Since the
minting of coins was a prerogative accorded in Islamic practice only
to a sovereign, it can be considered that the Osmanli, or Ottoman
Turks, became formally independent from the
Mongol
Mongol Khans.[40]
Ottoman Empire[edit]
Among the Turkish leaders, the Ottomans emerged as great power under
Osman I
Osman I and his son Orhan I.[citation needed] The Anatolian beyliks
were successively absorbed into the rising
Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire during the
15th century.[citation needed] It is not well understood how the
Osmanlı, or Ottoman Turks, came to dominate their neighbours, as the
history of medieval
Anatolia
Anatolia is still little known.[41] The Ottomans
completed the conquest of the peninsula in 1517 with the taking of
Halicarnassus
Halicarnassus (modern Bodrum) from the Knights of Saint John.[citation
needed]
Modern times[edit]
Ethnographic map of
Anatolia
Anatolia from 1911.
With the acceleration of the decline of the
Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire in the
early 19th century, and as a result of the expansionist policies of
Czarist Russia
Czarist Russia in the Caucasus, many Muslim nations and groups in that
region, mainly Circassians, Tatars, Azeris, Lezgis,
Chechens
Chechens and
several Turkic groups left their homelands and settled in Anatolia. As
the
Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire further shrank in the
Balkan
Balkan regions and then
fragmented during the
Balkan
Balkan Wars, much of the non-Christian
populations of its former possessions, mainly
Balkan
Balkan Muslims (Bosnian
Muslims, Albanians, Turks, Muslim Bulgarians and
Greek Muslims
Greek Muslims such as
the
Vallahades
Vallahades from Greek Macedonia), were resettled in various parts
of Anatolia, mostly in formerly Christian villages throughout
Anatolia.
A continuous reverse migration occurred since the early 19th century,
when
Greeks
Greeks from Anatolia,
Constantinople
Constantinople and Pontus area migrated
toward the newly independent Kingdom of Greece, and also towards the
United States, southern part of the Russian Empire,
Latin America
Latin America and
rest of Europe.
Following the Russo-Persian Treaty of Turkmenchay (1828) and the
incorporation of the Eastern
Armenia
Armenia into the Russian Empire, another
migration involved the large Armenian population of Anatolia, which
recorded significant migration rates from Western
Armenia
Armenia (Eastern
Anatolia) toward the Russian Empire, especially toward its newly
established Armenian provinces.
Anatolia
Anatolia remained multi-ethnic until the early 20th century (see the
rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire). During World War I, the
Armenian Genocide, the
Greek genocide
Greek genocide (especially in Pontus), and the
Assyrian genocide
Assyrian genocide almost entirely removed the ancient indigenous
communities of Armenian, Greek, and Assyrian populations in Anatolia
and surrounding regions. Following the Greco-Turkish War of
1919–1922, most remaining ethnic Anatolian
Greeks
Greeks were forced out
during the 1923 population exchange between
Greece
Greece and Turkey. Many
more have left
Turkey
Turkey since, leaving fewer than 5,000
Greeks
Greeks in
Anatolia
Anatolia today. Since the foundation of the Republic of
Turkey
Turkey in
1923,
Anatolia
Anatolia has been within Turkey, its inhabitants being mainly
Turks and
Kurds
Kurds (see demographics of
Turkey
Turkey and history of Turkey).
Geography[edit]
Main article: Geography of Turkey
Geology[edit]
Main article: Geology of Turkey
Anatolia's terrain is structurally complex. A central massif composed
of uplifted blocks and downfolded troughs, covered by recent deposits
and giving the appearance of a plateau with rough terrain, is wedged
between two folded mountain ranges that converge in the east. True
lowland is confined to a few narrow coastal strips along the Aegean,
Mediterranean, and
Black Sea
Black Sea coasts. Flat or gently sloping land is
rare and largely confined to the deltas of the Kızıl River, the
coastal plains of
Çukurova
Çukurova and the valley floors of the Gediz River
and the
Büyük Menderes River
Büyük Menderes River as well as some interior high plains in
Anatolia, mainly around
Lake Tuz
Lake Tuz (Salt Lake) and the
Konya
Konya Basin
(
Konya
Konya Ovasi).
Climate[edit]
Main article: Climate of Turkey
Temperatures of Anatolia
Ankara
Ankara (central Anatolia)
Antalya
Antalya (southern Anatolia)
Van (eastern Anatolia)
Anatolia
Anatolia has a varied range of climates. The central plateau is
characterized by a continental climate, with hot summers and cold
snowy winters. The south and west coasts enjoy a typical Mediterranean
climate, with mild rainy winters, and warm dry summers.[42] The Black
Sea and Marmara coasts have a temperate oceanic climate, with cool
foggy summers and much rainfall throughout the year.
Ecoregions[edit]
There is a diverse number of plant and animal communities.
The mountains and coastal plain of northern
Anatolia
Anatolia experiences humid
and mild climate. There are temperate broadleaf, mixed and coniferous
forests. The central and eastern plateau, with its drier continental
climate, has deciduous forests and forest steppes. Western and
southern Anatolia, which have a Mediterranean climate, contain
Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub ecoregions.
Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests: These temperate broadleaf and mixed
forests extend across northern Anatolia, lying between the mountains
of northern
Anatolia
Anatolia and the Black Sea. They include the enclaves of
temperate rainforest lying along the southeastern coast of the Black
Sea in eastern
Turkey
Turkey and Georgia.[43]
Northern Anatolian conifer and deciduous forests: These forests occupy
the mountains of northern Anatolia, running east and west between the
coastal Euxine-Colchic forests and the drier, continental climate
forests of central and eastern Anatolia.[44]
Central Anatolian deciduous forests: These forests of deciduous oaks
and evergreen pines cover the plateau of central Anatolia.[45]
Central Anatolian steppe: These dry grasslands cover the drier valleys
and surround the saline lakes of central Anatolia, and include
halophytic (salt tolerant) plant communities.[46]
Eastern Anatolian deciduous forests: This ecoregion occupies the
plateau of eastern Anatolia. The drier and more continental climate is
beneficial for steppe-forests dominated by deciduous oaks, with areas
of shrubland, montane forest, and valley forest.[47]
Anatolian conifer and deciduous mixed forests: These forests occupy
the western, Mediterranean-climate portion of the Anatolian plateau.
Pine forests and mixed pine and oak woodlands and shrublands are
predominant.[48]
Aegean and Western
Turkey
Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests: These
Mediterranean-climate forests occupy the coastal lowlands and valleys
of western
Anatolia
Anatolia bordering the Aegean Sea. The ecoregion has
forests of
Turkish pine
Turkish pine (Pinus brutia), oak forests and woodlands, and
maquis shrubland of
Turkish pine
Turkish pine and evergreen sclerophyllous trees
and shrubs, including
Olive
Olive (Olea europaea), Strawberry Tree (Arbutus
unedo), Arbutus andrachne, Kermes Oak (Quercus coccifera), and Bay
Laurel (Laurus nobilis).[49]
Southern Anatolian montane conifer and deciduous forests: These
mountain forests occupy the Mediterranean-climate
Taurus Mountains
Taurus Mountains of
southern Anatolia. Conifer forests are predominant, chiefly Anatolian
black pine (Pinus nigra), Cedar of Lebanon (Cedrus libani), Taurus fir
(Abies cilicica), and juniper (
Juniperus foetidissima
Juniperus foetidissima and J. excelsa).
Broadleaf trees include oaks, hornbeam, and maples.[50]
Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forests: This
ecoregion occupies the coastal strip of southern
Anatolia
Anatolia between the
Taurus Mountains
Taurus Mountains and the Mediterranean Sea. Plant communities include
broadleaf sclerophyllous maquis shrublands, forests of Aleppo Pine
(Pinus halepensis) and Turkish Pine (Pinus brutia), and dry oak
(Quercus spp.) woodlands and steppes.[51]
Demographics[edit]
Main article: Demographics of Turkey
Almost 80% of the people currently residing in
Anatolia
Anatolia are Turks.
Kurds
Kurds constitute a major community in southeastern Anatolia,[52] and
are the largest ethnic minority. Abkhazians, Albanians, Arabs,
Arameans, Armenians, Assyrians, Azerbaijanis, Bosnian Muslims,
Circassians, Gagauz, Georgians, Serbs, Greeks, Hemshin, Jews, Laz,
Levantines, Pomaks, Zazas and a number of other ethnic groups also
live in
Anatolia
Anatolia in smaller numbers.[citation needed]
Cuisine[edit]
Bamia
Bamia is a traditional Anatolian-era stew dish prepared using lamb,
okra and tomatoes as primary ingredients.[53]
See also[edit]
Aeolis Alacahöyük Anatolian hypothesis Anatolian languages Anatolianism Anatolian leopard Anatolian Plate Anatolian Shepherd Anatolian beyliks Ancient kingdoms of Anatolia Antigonid dynasty Attalid dynasty Bithynia Byzantine Empire Cappadocia Caria Çatalhöyük Cilicia
Doris (
Asia
Asia Minor)
Empire of Nicaea
Empire of Trebizond
Ephesus
Galatia
Gordium
Halicarnassus
Hattusa
History of Anatolia
Hittites
Ionia
Lycaonia
Lycia
Lydia
Midas
Miletus
Myra
Mysia
Ottoman Empire
Pamphylia
Paphlagonia
Pentarchy Pergamon Phrygia Pisidia Pontic Greeks Pontus Rumi Saint Anatolia Saint John Saint Nicholas Saint Paul Sardis Seleucid Empire Great Seljuq Empire Seven churches of Asia Seven Sleepers Sultanate of Rum Tarsus Troad Troy Turkey Turkic migration
References[edit]
^ a b Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary. 2001. p. 46.
ISBN 0 87779 546 0. Retrieved 18 May 2001.
^ a b c d Stephen Mitchell, Anatolia: Land, Men, and Gods in Asia
Minor. The
Celts
Celts in
Anatolia
Anatolia and the impact of Roman rule. Clarendon
Press, Aug 24, 1995 - 266 pages. ISBN 978-0198150299 [1]
^ Sansal, Burak. "History of Anatolia".
^ (TÜİK), Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. "Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu,
Adrese Dayalı Nüfus Kayıt Sistemi Sonuçları, 2015".
www.tuik.gov.tr.
^ Adalian, Rouben Paul (2010). Historical dictionary of
Armenia
Armenia (2nd
ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. pp. 336–8.
ISBN 0810874504.
^ Grierson, Otto Mørkholm ; edited by Philip; Westermark, Ulla
(1991). Early Hellenistic coinage : from the accession of
Alexander to the Peace of Apamea (336–188 B.C.) (Repr. ed.).
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 175.
ISBN 0521395046.
^ Hooglund, Eric (2004). "Anatolia". Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle
East and North Africa. Macmillan/Gale – via Encyclopedia.com.
Anatolia
Anatolia comprises more than 95 percent of Turkey's total land
area.
^ Sahakyan, Lusine (2010).
Turkification
Turkification of the Toponyms in the
Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Turkey. Montreal: Arod Books.
ISBN 978-0969987970.
^ Hovannisian, Richard (2007). The Armenian genocide cultural and
ethical legacies. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers.
p. 3. ISBN 1412835925.
^ Ali Yiğit, "Geçmişten Günümüze Türkiye'yi Bölgelere Ayıran
Çalışmalar ve Yapılması Gerekenler",
Ankara
Ankara Üniversitesi
Türkiye Coğrafyası Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi, IV. Ulural
Coğrafya Sempozyumu, "Avrupa Birliği Sürecindeki Türkiye'de
Bölgesel Farklılıklar", pp. 34–35.
^ "Anatolia". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 18 May 2012.
^ "
Anatolia
Anatolia entries from Encyclopedia of the Modern
Middle East
Middle East and
North Africa, The Columbia Encyclopedia, and A Dictionary of World
History". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
^ Vazken Khatchig Davidian, "Imagining Ottoman Armenia: Realism and
Allegory in Garabed Nichanian's Provincial Wedding in Moush and Late
Ottoman Art Criticism", p7 & footnote 34, in Études arméniennes
contemporaines volume 6, 2015.
^ Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, Ἀσία, A Greek-English
Lexicon, on Perseus
^ Henry George Liddell; Robert Scott. "A Greek-English Lexicon".
^ "Online Etymology Dictionary".
^ "On the First Thema, called Anatolikón. This theme is called
Anatolikón or Theme of the Anatolics, not because it is above and in
the direction of the east where the sun rises, but because it lies to
the East of Byzantium and Europe." Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus, De
Thematibus, ed. A. Pertusi. Vatican: Vatican Library, 1952, pp.
59–61.
^ John Haldon, Byzantium, a History, 2002. Page 32
^ "
Çatalhöyük
Çatalhöyük added to UNESCO World Heritage List". Global Heritage
Fund. 3 July 2012. Archived from the original on January 17, 2013.
Retrieved 9 February 2013.
^ Stiner, Mary C.; Kuhn, Steven L.; Güleç, Erksin (2013). "Early
Upper
Paleolithic
Paleolithic shell beads at Üçağızlı Cave I (Turkey):
Technology and the socioeconomic context of ornament life-histories".
Journal of Human Evolution. 64 (5): 380–398.
doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.01.008. ISSN 0047-2484.
PMID 23481346.
^ Bryce 2005:12
^ a b Freeman, Charles (1999). Egypt,
Greece
Greece and Rome: Civilizations
of the Ancient Mediterranean. Oxford University Press.
ISBN 0-19-872194-3.
^ Carruba, O. Das Palaische. Texte, Grammatik, Lexikon. Wiesbaden:
Harrassowitz, 1970. StBoT 10
^ a b Georges Roux - Ancient Iraq
^ a b Georges Roux, Ancient Iraq. Penguin Books, 1966.
^ Melchert 2003
^ Watkins 1994; id. 1995:144–51; Starke 1997; Melchert 2003; for the
geography Hawkins 1998
^ a b Carl Roebuck, The World of Ancient Times
^ Howgego, C. J. (1995). Ancient History from Coins.
ISBN 0-415-08992-1.
^
Asia
Asia Minor Coins - an index of Greek and Roman coins from
Asia
Asia Minor
(ancient Anatolia)
^ Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (2010). A Companion to Ancient
Macedonia. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 1-4051-7936-8.
^ Angold, Michael (1997). The
Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Empire 1025–1204.
p. 117. ISBN 0-582-29468-1.
^ a b H. M. Balyuzi Muḥammad and the course of Islám, p. 342
^ John Freely Storm on Horseback: The Seljuk Warriors of Turkey, p. 83
^ Clifford Edmund Bosworth-The new Islamic dynasties: a chronological
and genealogical manual, p. 234
^ Mehmet Fuat Köprülü, Gary Leiser-The origins of the Ottoman
Empire, p. 33
^ Peter Partner God of battles: holy wars of Christianity and Islam,
p. 122
^ Osman's Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire, p. 13
^ Artuk -
Osmanli
Osmanli Beyliginin Kurucusu, 27f
^ Pamuk - A Monetary History, pp. 30–31
^ Finkel, Caroline (2007). Osman's Dream: The History of the Ottoman
Empire. Basic Books. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-465-00850-6. Retrieved
6 June 2013.
^ Prothero, W.G. (1920). Anatolia. London: H.M. Stationery
Office.
^ "Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World
Wildlife Fund. Retrieved May 25, 2008.
^ "Northern Anatolian conifer and deciduous forests". Terrestrial
Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved May 25, 2008.
^ "Central Anatolian deciduous forests". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World
Wildlife Fund. Retrieved May 25, 2008.
^ "Central Anatolian steppe". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife
Fund. Retrieved May 25, 2008.
^ "Eastern Anatolian deciduous forests". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World
Wildlife Fund. Retrieved May 25, 2008.
^ "Anatolian conifer and deciduous mixed forests". Terrestrial
Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved May 25, 2008.
^ "Aegean and Western
Turkey
Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests".
Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved May 25,
2008.
^ "Southern Anatolian montane conifer and deciduous forests".
Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved May 25,
2008.
^ "
Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forests".
Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved May 25,
2008.
^ "A Kurdish Majority In
Turkey
Turkey Within One Generation?". May 6,
2012.
^ Webb, L.S.; Roten, L.G. (2009). The Multicultural Cookbook for
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ISBN 978-0-313-37559-0.
Bibliography[edit]
Steadman, Sharon R.; McMahon, Gregory (2011). McMahon, Gregory; Steadman, Sharon, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia:(10,000–323 BCE). Oxford University Press Inc. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.001.0001. ISBN 9780195376142
Library resources about Anatolia
Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries
Further reading[edit]
Akat, Uücel, Neşe Özgünel, and Aynur Durukan. 1991. Anatolia: A
World Heritage. Ankara: Kültür Bakanliǧi.
Brewster, Harry. 1993. Classical Anatolia: The Glory of Hellenism.
London: I.B. Tauris.
Donbaz, Veysel, and Şemsi Güner. 1995. The Royal Roads of Anatolia.
Istanbul: Dünya.
Dusinberre, Elspeth R. M. 2013. Empire, Authority, and Autonomy In
Achaemenid Anatolia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gates, Charles, Jacques Morin, and Thomas Zimmermann. 2009. Sacred
Landscapes In
Anatolia
Anatolia and Neighboring Regions. Oxford: Archaeopress.
Mikasa, Takahito, ed. 1999. Essays On Ancient Anatolia. Wiesbaden:
Harrassowitz.
Takaoğlu, Turan. 2004. Ethnoarchaeological Investigations In Rural
Anatolia. İstanbul: Ege Yayınları.
Taracha, Piotr. 2009. Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia.
Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
Taymaz, Tuncay, Y. Yilmaz, and Yildirim Dilek. 2007. The Geodynamics
of the Aegean and Anatolia. London: Geological Society.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anatolia.
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Arctic Archipelago
Finnmark
Greenland
Northern Canada
Northwest Territories
Nunavik
Nunavut
Russian Arctic
Sakha
Sápmi
Yukon
North American Arctic
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Earth's oceans and seas
Arctic
Arctic Ocean
Amundsen Gulf
Barents Sea
Beaufort Sea
Chukchi Sea
East Siberian Sea
Greenland
Greenland Sea
Gulf of Boothia
Kara Sea
Laptev Sea
Lincoln Sea
Prince Gustav Adolf Sea
Pechora Sea
Queen Victoria Sea
Wandel Sea
White Sea
Atlantic Ocean
Adriatic Sea
Aegean Sea
Alboran Sea
Archipelago Sea
Argentine Sea
Baffin Bay
Balearic Sea
Baltic Sea
Bay of Biscay
Bay of Bothnia
Bay of Campeche
Bay of Fundy
Black Sea
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Caribbean Sea
Celtic Sea
English Channel
Foxe Basin
Greenland
Greenland Sea
Gulf of Bothnia
Gulf of Finland
Gulf of Lion
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Gulf of Maine
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Gulf of Venezuela
Hudson Bay
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Irish Sea
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Ligurian Sea
Marmara Sea
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Myrtoan Sea
North Sea
Norwegian Sea
Sargasso Sea
Sea of Åland
Sea of Azov
Sea of Crete
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Thracian Sea
Tyrrhenian Sea
Wadden Sea
Indian Ocean
Andaman Sea
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Bali Sea
Bay of Bengal
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Great Australian Bight
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Gulf of Khambhat
Gulf of Kutch
Gulf of Oman
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Java Sea
Laccadive Sea
Mozambique Channel
Persian Gulf
Red Sea
Timor
Timor Sea
Pacific Ocean
Arafura Sea Banda Sea Bering Sea Bismarck Sea Bohai Sea Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Ceram Sea Chilean Sea Coral Sea East China Sea Gulf of Alaska Gulf of Anadyr Gulf of California Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Fonseca Gulf of Panama Gulf of Thailand Gulf of Tonkin Halmahera Sea Koro Sea Mar de Grau Molucca Sea Moro Gulf Philippine Sea Salish Sea Savu Sea Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk Seto Inland Sea Shantar Sea Sibuyan Sea Solomon Sea South China Sea Sulu Sea Tasman Sea Visayan Sea Yellow Sea
Southern Ocean
Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen Sea Cooperation Sea Cosmonauts Sea Davis Sea D'Urville Sea King Haakon VII Sea Lazarev Sea Mawson Sea Riiser-Larsen Sea Ross Sea Scotia Sea Somov Sea Weddell Sea
Landlocked seas
Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Salton Sea
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Peninsulas of Turkey
Main peninsulas
Anadolu (Anatolia) Trakya (Thrace)
Peninsulas in Thrace
Çatalca Gelibolu
Peninsulas in Anatolia
Boztepe Kocaeli Armutlu Kapıdağ Biga Karaburun Güvercin Dilek Bodrum Datça Bozburun Çukurbağ
Related geographical features
Capes of Turkey Ba